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University of the State of New York 



New York State Museum 

Frederick J. H. Merrill Director 
Bulletin 50 March 1902 
HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 

OF THE 

NEW YORK INDIANS 

BY WILLIAM M. BEAUCHAMP S.T.D. 



PAGE 



Preface 243 

List of authorities 246 

Introduction 249 

Awls and knives 254 

Punches and blunt implements ... 269 

Beads and pendants 272. 

Perforated and grooved teeth 274 

Ornamental forms of bone 278 

Bone images and masks 283 

Bone combs 284 

Pipes 288 

Chisels and gouges...- 289 



Arrowheads 290 

Harpoons 293 

Fishhooks 304 

Needles 311 

Spoons 315 

Whistles and phalanges 316 

Bone counters for games 317 

Rattles 321 

Miscellaneous 322 

Explanation of plates 331 

Index 345 




ALBANY 

UNIVERSITY -,(#•; THE S)lATj£ OF NEW YORK 



M94m-Jll-1500 



Price 30 cents 



University of the State of New York 



REGENTS 
With years of election 

1874 Anson Judd Upson L.H.D. D.D. LL.D. 

Chancellor, Glens Falls 

1892 William Croswell Doane D.D. LL.D. 

Vice- Chancellor, Albany 

.1873 Martin I. Townsend M.A. LL.D. - - Troy 

1877 Chauncey M. Depew LL.D. . - - - New York 

1877 Charles E. Fitch LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. - Rochester 

1878 Whitelaw Reid M.A. LL.D. - New York 
1881 William H. Watson M.A. LL.D. M.D. - Utica 
1881 Henry E. Turner LL.D. ----- Lowville 
1883 St Clair McKelway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. Brooklyn 
1885 Daniel Beach Ph.D. LL.D. - Watkins 
1888 Carroll E. Smith LL.D. - Syracuse 
1890 Pliny T. Sexton LL.D. _____ Palmyra 
1890 T. Guilford Smith M.A. C.E. LL.D. - - Buffalo 

1893 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - - New York 
1895 Albert Vander Veer Ph.D. M.D. - - Albany 
1895 Charles R. Skinner M.A. LL.D. 

Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 
1897 Chester S. Lord M.A. LL.D. - - - Brooklyn 

1897 Timothy L. Woodruff M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio 

1899 John T. McDonough LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio 

1900 Thomas A. Hendrick M.A. LL.D. - - Rochester 

1901 Benjamin B. Odell jr LL.D. Governor, ex officio 

1901 Robert C. Pruyn M.A. - - - - - Albany 

1902 William Nottingham M.A. Ph.D. - - Syracuse 



SECRETARY 
Elected by Regents 

1900 James Russell Parsons jr M.A. 

DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS 

1888 Melvil Dewey M.A. State Library and Home Education 
1890 James Russell Parsons jr M.A. 

Administrative, College and High School DepHs 
1890 Frederick J. H. M errill Ph. 1 ) . St^,'c Museum LI T 



/ 



University of the State of New York 



New York State Museum 

Frederick J. H. Merrill Director 
Bulletin 50 March 1902 

HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 

OF THE 

NEW YORK INDIANS 

PEEFACE 

It was expected that corrections and additions relating to the 
matter of these bulletins would be made from time to time, as these 
publications were intended to impart knowledge and call forth 
more. Among other traces of aboriginal occupation I have thus 
recently learned of camp sites extending some miles east of Pulaski, 
on the higher lands along the Salmon river. These were to be 
expected there, and they have the usual early relics. In the vicinity 
of JSTew York, M. Raymond Harrington has successfully explored a 
number of rock shelters in Westchester county, and at Port Wash- 
ington on Long Island he opened about 100 pits containing human 
and canine remains. I have also observed and located 50 of the 
Perch river mounds, to be described later. They are the same type 
as those of the Bay of Quinte. A trip to the Susquehanna in the 
summer of 1901 allowed a brief examination of the great shell 
heaps of Unio complanatus there, and secured a plan of 
Spanish hill. Some new sites have been examined there and else- 
where at my own expense. 

S. L. Frey properly corrects an error of names. There was a 
large recent site at Fort Plain ; but the Canajoharie of Johnson's 
day was at Indian Castle, Herkimer co. Names of villages often 
followed them in removals. Mr Frey also agrees with Gen. Clark 
in placing Andagoroii half way between Sprakers and Auriesville. 



211 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



He greatly deplores the fact that so many small yet valuable collec- 
tions are being bought up and taken from the state. I hope that 
contemplated held work may soon increase our knowledge of town 
and camp sites. My thanks are due to many who have invited me 
to share in their explorations. 

There are some things to add to what has been said of articles of 
polished stone. Mention has been made in a preceding bulletin of 
a fine, perforated stone ball, having a surface groove parallel to the 
perforation. This is from Genesee county and belongs to the state 
museum. I have since seen another fine example, found in Chau- 
tauqua county. To these may now be added a similar, but rarer 
form, heretofore reported only in Ohio. It is a flattened ball of 
polished gneiss, the short diameter being If inches, and the long 2-J 
inches. The perforation is through the short diameter, and parallel 
to this, the surface is flattened, nearly a third of the long diameter 
being removed. It was found about 50 years ago in Marshall, 
Oneida co. 

The long, slender and often double-pointed celts may now be 
assigned to the 16th century and the Iroquois, examples having 
been found on the Christopher site in Pompey. The flattened and 
constricted stone pipes, most nearly represented among the articles 
of polished stone by fig. 112, are now conclusively proved to belong 
to the 17th century, as before asserted. One with a perforated base 
was recently found in a grave at Brewerton, associated with 
European articles. 

Visits to various sites and collections have added much to a 
knowledge of New York earthenware. Jefferson county is rich in 
pottery of bold designs, and vessels with handles and projecting 
beaks occur there. Excavation shows many new patterns and 
features. On Chaumont bay I dug up a little of the curious pot- 
tery which is partly ornamented by making an incision within, pro- 
ducing a small circular boss on the outside by pressure. This is 
not common even there. Some of the vessels have a bright look, 
caused by mixing a quantity of yellow mica with the clay. This is 
occasional elsewhere. In that county I have observed small rude 
faces on some clay vessels, and a rude attempt at a nose in connec- 
tion with the three conventional circles. 



HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 



245 



In the bulletin on earthenware fig. 124 is of a vessel having a 
point in the center of the base. Thus it was figured and expressly 
described in a New York paper. W, L. Calver doubted the cor- 
rectness of the statement, but could not at the moment obtain full 
access to the vessels. He has now changed his opinion. In a letter 
to me, dated Ap. 26, 1901, he says that a friend, in digging at Port 
Washington, " got a whole pot which had a pointed base." This 
form will therefore now hold the place claimed for it. I may add 
that the pointed base of a broken vessel has also b£en found in 
■Jefferson county. 

In treating of wampum, I regret not mentioning Horatio Hale's 
Four Huron wamjmm records, published with notes by Prof. E. B. 
Tylor of Oxford Eng. in 1897. I have not seen it; but one belt, 
in his opinion, showed an alliance between four nations, represented 
by squares. An older broken belt had a central diamond, so fre- 
quently used. This is " between a bird and a quadruped and three 
crosses with a circle (diamond) uniting their branches." These are 
all recent symbols. I merely call attention to these belts now, as 
doubtful opinions have been founded on them. Some fine ceremo- 
nial wampum has recently come into my hands, one call for a relig- 
ious council still having the tally-stick attached. Mr Wyman also 
obtained some fine Ottawa belts in the spring of 1901, and the fol- 
lowing summer Mrs Converse secured a large Canadian belt for one 
of her friends. I secured descriptions of all. 

Mention may also be made of two fine belts belonging to the 
Douw family of Poughkeepsie K. Y. One is 2 feet long, 3 inches 
wide and has nine rows of white beads, crossed by four double 
diagonal lines of dark beads. This was a condolence belt, given by 
the Indians to Volckert Pieter Douw, on the death of his daughter 
in 1775. That year Mr Douw was a commissioner to treat with 
the Six Nations, and they returned one belt which he presented. I 
think' this the second belt. It is on twine, has 10 rows, is 2 feet 
long and 3^- inches wide, and has three central designs in dark 
wampum. I made a satisfactory reading of both, but this is 
conjectural. 

"W. M. Beauchamp 



246 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



LIST OF AUTHORITIES 

The following works are referred to in the bulletin by the abbreviations at 
the left. 

Abbott Abbott, Br C. C. Primitive industry; or, Illustrations of the 

handiwork in stone, bone and clay, of the native races of 
the northern Atlantic seaboard of America. Salem Mass. 
1881. 

Amidon Amidon, Br R. W. Letters to W. M. Beauchamp. 

Beauchamp Beauchamp, Rev. W. M. Iroquois games. Jour. Am. folk- 
lore. Bost. 1896. 9:269-77. Also Rau's Prehistoric fishing. 

Benedict Benedict, Br A. L. Letters to W. M. Beauchamp. 

Bourke Bourke, Capt. J. G. Medicine men of the Apache. Ethnology, 

Bureau of. 9th an. rep't. Wash. 1892. 

Boyle Boyle, David. Notes on primitive man in Ontario; being an 

appendix to the report of the minister of education for Ontario. 
Toronto 1895. 

Calver Calver, W. L. Letters to W. M. Beauchamp. 

Charlevoix Charlevoix, P. F. X. de. Journal of a voyage to North. 
America; tr. from the French. Lond. 1761. 

Copway Copway, George. Traditional history and characteristic 

sketches of the Ojibway nation. Lond. 1850. 

Dawkins Dawkins, Prof. W. B. Cave hunting. Lond. 1874. 

Dawson Dawson, Sir J. W. Fossil men and their modern representa- 

tives. Lond. 1883. 

De Kay De Kay, J. E. Mammalia. Zoology of New York. Alb. 

1842. 

De Vries De Vries, David Peter. Third voyage of David Peter De 

Vries to New Amsterdam. N. Y. hist. soc. Trans. 3:91. 
N. Y. 

Douglass Douglass, A. E. Table of the geographical distribution of 

American Indian relics in a collection exhibited in the Amer- 
ican museum of natural history, New York. Am. mus. nat. 
hist. Bui. N. Y. 1896. 8:199-220. 

Evans Evans, John. Ancient stone implements, weapons and orna- 

ments of Great Britain. Lond. 1872. 

Frey Frey, S. L. Newspaper articles and letters to W. M. 

Beauchamp. 

Higgeson Higgeson, Rev. New England's plantation. 1620. Mass. hist. 

soc. Collections v. 1. 1792. 
James James, J. B. Popular science news. Aug. i 896, Ap. 1897. 

Jones Jones, C. C. Antiquities of the southern Indians. N. Y. 1873. 

Josselyn Josselyn, John. Account of two voyages to New England. 

Bost. 1865. 

Kalm Kalm, Peter. Travels into North America (1749); tr. by J. R. 

Forster. Loud. 1772. 



HORN AND HON!'. IMPLEMENTS 



247 



Keller Keller, Dr Ferdinand. Lake dwellings of Switzerland and 

other parts of Europe; tr. and arranged by J. E. Lee. Lond. 
1878. 

Kellogg Kellogg, Dr D. S. Letters to W. M. Beauchamp. 

X.oskiel Loskiel, G. H. History of the missions of the united brethren 

among the Indians in North America; tr. from the German 

by C. I. La Trobe. Lond. 1794. . 
Mackenzie Mackenzie, Alexander. Voyages from Montreal, etc., to the 

Frozen and Pacific oceans; in the years 1789 and 1793. Lond. 

1801. 

Morgan Morgan, L. H. League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois. 

Rochester 1851. 

Murdoch. Murdoch, John. Ethnological results of the Point Barrow 

expedition. Ethnology, Bureau of. 9th an. rep't. Wash. 
1892. 

^Nilsson Nilsson, Prof. Sven. Primitive inhabitants of Scandinavia; 

tr. by Sir John Lubbock. Lond. 1868. 
Ogilby Ogilby, John. America: being the latest and most accurate 

description of New England. Lond. 1671. 
Perkins Perkins, Prof. G. H. Letters to W. M. Beauchamp. 

Pvau Rau, Dr Charles. Prehistoric fishing in Europe and North 

America. Wash. 1884. 
Pvelations Relations des Jesuites. Quebec 1858. 
Richmond Richmond, A. G. Letters to W. M. Beauchamp. 
Sagard Sagard, T. G. Le. Grand voyage du pays des Hurons. Paris 

1865. 

Translated in Rau's Prehistoric fishing. 

Schliemann Schliemann, Dr Henry. Ilios. N. Y. 1881. 

Schoolcraft Schoolcraft, H. R. Historical and statistical information 
respecting the history, conditions and prospects of the Indian 
tribes of the United States. Phil. 1851-57. 

Smith Smith, Gapt. John. General historie of Virginia, New Eng- 

land and the Summer Isles. Lond. 1624. 

Southall Southall, J. C. Epoch of the mammoth and the apparition of 

man upon the earth. Phil. 1878. 

Squier Squier, E. G. Antiquities of the state of New York. Buffalo 

1851. 

Tooker Tooker, W. W. Lecture before Brooklyn institute, Nov. 1892. 

Also in Rau's Prehistoric fishing. 
Twining Twining, J. S. Letters to W. M. Beauchamp. 

"Wood "Wood, William. New England's prospect. Prince society. 

Bost. 1865. 

Zeisberger Zeisberger, David. Manuscript journal of 1753. 



New York State Museum 



HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 
Introduction 

It is not usual to place implements of horn and bone among 
those first used by man ; and yet there is no reason why they might 
not then have been common. Nothing should be inferred from 
their absence ; for. while the harder articles of stone seem almost 
imperishable, those of bone soon decay, except under favorable con- 
ditions. They appear in the bone caves of France with early imple- 
ments; and in Kent's cavern, England, elegant bone articles are found 
below the stalagmite. The artistic engravings on some of the early 
bone implements of France have a wonderfully modern look to the 
well trained eye, in spite of their well attested origin. All these 
were preserved under favoring circumstances. Those left unpro- 
tected quickly disappeared. Bearing this in mind, we can see that 
a sharp bone was as suggestive of use as a sharp stone to the primi- 
tive man, and the same remark applies to implements made of 
wood. The fact has been strangely overlooked, that thorns are 
natural awls and needles, and that hard wood knots preceded the 
stone-headed war club, that pointed sticks were the first fish spears, 
and that arrows, made entirely of wood were and still are used by 
some Indians of this land. The early tomahawk was but a hard 
wood club. A wood or bone age may thus even have preceded that 
of stone, leaving few or no memorials. They certainly coexisted. 

In Evans's Ancient stone implements^ weapons and ornaments 
of Great Britain are figures of Eskimo arrow fiakers, with handles 
of fossil ivory and points of reindeer bone. In such cases bone 
preceded the stone which it formed into shape. Perforated tablets 
of bone, resembling American gorgets, had been found in Europe. 
Bone pins and needles were frequent, but this requires qualifica- 
tion. The pins represented would be called awls in America, and 
have no heads. Some needles have central perforations and double 
points, as with us, but others have terminal perforations in slightly 
expanded heads. Bone was used in England for chisels, beads 
and buttons ; horn for axes, hammers, pickaxes, hoes and handles. 
In this work a figure is given of a bone harpoon from Kent's cave, 
which has barbs on both sides, but with a point differing from those 



250 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



of New York. The Epoch of the mammoth, by James C. South- 
all, shows a horn harpoon from Switzerland precisely like some from 
Onondaga county. 

25 years ago it was a notable fact that most of the bone.and horn 
implements in the Smithsonian institution were from the Pacific 
coast, and perhaps the majority are still. Few were known from 
New York and New England, where their historic use is well attested. 
Little had been done in systematic excavation, and most articles at 
hand were surface finds of stone. A change has taken place ; and 
the last 10 years have added wonderfully to our knowledge of 
implements of bone and horn. Comparatively little has been done 
in the Algonquin fields of the eastern counties of New York, but 
many an Iroquois site has yielded large quantities of these. Usu- 
ally they were too low in the ground to be reached by the plow, 
lying in the refuse heaps or the deep ash pits of early villages, but 
coming forth as bright and unimpaired as when lost centuries ago. 
What they were will appear as we proceed. 

When Yerazzano visited Long Island in 1524, as many sup- 
pose, he found the Indians using fish bones for arrowheads, but 
farther west they had those of stone. In 1620 arrows were used 
against the whites at Nantasket creek, Mass., tipped with brass, 
eagle claws and horn. In the first volume of the Massachusetts 
historical society's collections is an account of New England's 
plantations, written in 1629 by Rev. Mr Higgeson. He said : 
6 For their weapons they have bowes and arrowes, some of them, 
headed with bone, and some with brasse." Capt. John Smith said of 
the Yirginia Indians : " Their hookes are either a bone, grated as 
they noch their arrows, in the forme of a crooked pinne or fish-hooke, 
or of the splinter of a bone tyed to the clift of a little sticke, and with 
the end of the line they tie on the bait." Loskiel mentions hoes 
made of the shoulder blade of the deer, and other quotations might 
be given. 

In a letter to the writer in 1880, Prof. George II. Perkins of 
Burlington university, Yt., said : " We have no implements of bone 
in Yermont, but from the other side of the lake are some split 
bones that may have been used as awls, and one very fine barbed 
spear point." This was a harpoon, barbed on both sides. At a 



HoKN AMI BONE [MPLEMENTS 



later day Prof. Perkins found a fine but modern hone mask in Ver- 
mont. Large village sites are rare in that state, but excavations 
might reveal something. Bone awls appear in some Illinois mounds, 
but do not differ from eastern forms. Bone articles found at Iloche- 
laga \ Montreal) are precisely like those of New York and those of 
.the old Huron country, near Georgian, bay, are similar. Rarer 
forms have been obtained from the curious mounds about the Bay of 
Quinte. A one-sided harpoon from Manitoba is of a common New 
York type. Bone articles are rarer in Pennsylvania, perhaps 
through lack of excavation, nor are they common near the sea- 
coast, where many things supply their place. 

As most of the early visitors to New York were migrants, stop- 
ping but a few days or weeks in a place, the absence of bone imple- 
ments on their camp sites is no proof that they had none. Destruc- 
tion came in many ways. James E. De Kay, in his Zoology of 
New York, says, in speaking of the common deer : # 

It has often been a matter of surprise that, while so many horns 
are annually cast, so few are ever found. This is to be explained 
by the fact that, as soon as they are shed, they are eaten up by the 
smaller gnawing animals. I have repeatedly found them half 
gnawed up by the various kinds of field mice, so numerous in our 
forests. 

It may be added that a friend recently found that mice had 
gained access to his bone articles and badly gnawed some which 
were centuries old. Besides this, mere camps did not produce suffi- 
cient ashes or carbonaceous matter to preserve perishable articles, 
while those of stone remained. They are not frequent in graves, 
but must be sought where fires have been long in use. The dump- 
ing places, bordering most Iroquois villages, yield many and some 
which are fine. Nothing preserves them so well as ashes, and these 
accumulated to a great depth where a lire burned for many years. 
In some circular lodges the floor was occasionally cleansed by draw- 
ing all accumulations to the edge of the lodge, and filling the center 
with fresh earth or gravel. This produced hut rings, and relics are 
to be expected near the border, not in the center. Where a village 
was edged with deep ravines, refuse was thrown down the banks, 
but sometimes a deep hole was found or formed and gradually filled. 
These have rich deposits. 



252 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



The Iroquois had no regard for bones as sacred, but Canadian 
Indians venerated many, or at least were careful of them. Some 
would not eat the marrow of the backbone, this being bad for the 
back. The Jesuits said the Hurons considered " fish intelligent, and 
&ho the deer and elks." It is added : " This is why they do not 
throw the bones of the latter- to the dogs, when they are hunting, or 
the fish bones of the former when they are fishing. Otherwise, upon 
the warning that the others would have ot it, they would hide and 
not allow themselves to be taken. 1 " Some Algonquins gave their 
dogs no bones of beavers, female porcupines, or birds taken in 
snares, for the same reason, but burned them. It was best to throw 
the bones of a snared beaver into the river. All were collected 
with care. Bears bones were burned or buried under the hearth. 
Some Algonquins burned dry beaver bones to learn the source of 
pestilence. 

The Iroquois were not fond of working in stone, though they did 
this well, but long maintained their liking for bone and horn. 
Occasionally they neatly carve such material yet. Some of their 
early articles have preserved that wonderful polish, which some- 
times creates doubts in those who have not dug up such articles, as 
the writer himself has done. They are usually plain, but early 
decoration sometimes occurs. The smoothness of the work is often 
surprising, and the luster may have come from the absorption of fat. 
The relative abundance of bone articles on early Iroquois sites is 
another subject worthy of remark, but this appears only through 
excavation. On many of those over 300 years old more tools or 
ornaments of bone than of stone will be foundj nor is this propor- 
tion confined to those of established age and origin. The writer and 
four others did a successful day's digging at an early fishing village 
in Jefferson county, and he found the only flint arrowhead which 
Avas secured. Nearly all the other relics were fragments of pottery 
and pipes, and various forms of polished bone. Another prolific 
village site in Onondaga county has a similar character, chipped 
stone implements being exceptional, and those of bone the rule. 
Yet fine triangular arrowheads and small basalt celts have recently 
been found there, but bone is more frequent. 

While occasional examples in Europe might pass for those of 



HORN AND BONK lMI'LKM KNTS 253 

America, by far the larger part are distinct in appearance. Refer- 
ences will be made to some for comparison. In North America a 
division of districts might be made, but there is much uniformity of 
type in common articles. A bone awl from a cliff dweller's home 
may be in no way distinguishable from one made in New York. 
Village sites are the best places for determining the age and rela- 
tions of bone articles. At fishing places, frequented by many visit- 
ors of different periods and families, the numerous and fine remains 
of this kind rarely permit any orderly sequence to be assigned them. 

It will be noticed that a large proportion of the bone articles here 
figured are from the central part of New York, the home of the 
Iroquois One reason for this is that the writer's own work has 
been mainly there, but a more important one is that this region is ■ 
nowhere equaled in articles of this kind. Visits were made to some 
other places, and correspondence was had with good antiquarians, 
to see what additional matter could be secured. Moderate results 
w r ere obtained, and some of interest, but all pointed to the fact that 
the early and late Iroquois, with their kindred, were the workers in 
bone par excellence. As these had some early hold on Lake Cham- 
plain, though no forts or towns, it was to be expected that some- 
thing would be found there. The small and briefly occupied sites 
did not, however, produce sufficient preservative material for large 
results. A letter from Dr D. S. Kellogg of Plattsburg states the 
case there : 

I don't know that I can add much to my bony matter. The 
most I have found was in fire heaps ; among charcoal, ashes, fire 
stones, flint implements, celts and fragments of pottery. There are 
many awls or needles, and some very fine fragments of notched 
harpoons. The bones and teeth of different animals are quite 
numerous, and mostly broken. Deer horns are often found, and 
some of the tines look as if they had been used as punches. 

A long resident population, large villages, and perhaps unusual 
skill, made the Iroquois home territory a treasure house of the 
articles now to be considered. They are abundant, fine, and in 
general remarkably well preserved. 

Besides those authors more explicitly quoted in the following 
pages, reference may be made to some writers in the way of general 
distribution. Dr Henry Schliemann's llios has bone needles with 



25i 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



perforated heads, and small awls differing from those of New York, 
but some bone knives and large awls resemble ours. The Irish 
implements are quite different. In the Lake divellings of Switzer- 
land, Dr Keller figures a large awl much Jike some in New York. 
The needles shown are perforated at the end, but fig. 35 of plate 
103 is suggestive of America, as well as a harpoon on that plate. 
Plates 5 and 20 also have harpoons resembling those of New York. 
In the Antiquities of the southern Indians. Mr Jones figures some 
of the frequent bone gouges, but they differ from the few found 
here. Prof. T. H. Lewis of St Paul Minn, has found the blunt 
bone implements here called punches ; and his descriptions of awls 
and harpoons are like those farther east. A bone fishhook has been 
found in Illinois. In general the whole territory from the upper 
Mississippi eastward to New York and the ocean may be considered 
one district with local variations. 

Awls and knives 

It is quite probable that many small bone articles commonly called 
awls were really used as arrow points, and some have regarded the 
large and sometimes massive forms as daggers. In the paucity of 
stone arrowheads and knives on many Iroquois sites of the 16th 
century, such uses seem reasonable, and have much to support them 
in the notes of early discoverers. No special classification of these 
pointed tools will be attempted here, but the reader will see that 
some would have been very effective as warlike weapons. This 
would appear more clearly if all could be represented here in actual 
size. A few are reduced for illustration, and many of the large 
forms are omitted because just as well shown by smaller examples. 
Frequent small awls are also found which are but sharpened splinters 
of bone, as well described by words as figures. The outline of the 
tool often means nothing. The point of the awl is the only essential 
thing. In considering the better finished articles of all kinds, it is 
to be remembered that these are but a selection of typical forms out 
of thousands which have individuality, constantly varying in one 
way or another. 

Then there are forms which have a rounded point, not adapted 
for piercing or any other known purpose. These are usually of 



HORN AND HONK I M IM.KM KNTS 



255 



hiorn, and are commonly classed with awls, though often termed 
punches. It may be best to assign them this name here, though 
this places them with cylindric articles usually having rounded ends. 
While they differ much in form from these, they seem to belong 
nowhere else ; and even then we do not know their use. 

While a warlike character has been contended for in the case of 
some of the larger and longer forms, some persons have seen in the 
more slender examples pins, either for the hair or apparel. The 
latter supposition is questionable in most cases ; and those of great 
length and sharpness would have been neither comfortably nor safely 
worn in the hair. Some may be assigned to this use. Many com- 
bine a broad, knifelike form with the sharp point of an awl, if such 
they are. They seem not sharp enough for cutting, but would have 
been useful in skinning any animal. Among the Iroquois stone axes 
or celts were not abundant, and were probably prized. For deer- 
skinning the bone knife did just as well. It was lighter, more easily 
made, was sometimes distinct, but often combined the awl point 
with it, as our pocket knives practically do. 

While the so called awls were often made of small splinters of 
bone, the larger ones often left some natural feature almost 
untouched. The jawbone of some animal would be sharpened, the 
teeth perhaps being still in place, but this is rare. Long awls quite 
commonly leave one joint almost unaltered. This is a frequent 
feature of smaller forms. The bills of water birds were often util- 
ized, and fish spines required but moderate change, some none at 
all. Most of these will be illustrated here, but the diversity of 
form is endless. 

We need not raise the question whether the sharpened splinter, 
requiring a handle, or the larger implement requiring none, had 
priority in time. Here they coexist, but it may be advantageous to 
treat them separately, as far as it can be done. Yet many large 
awls are formed from splinters, and small ones occur with one joint, 
almost or quite unaltered. Another evident distinction will be 
found between flat and cylindric awls, and between these and the 
frequent and fine three-sided forms. These distinctions are con- 
venient in description, but have no other value. The maker simply 
fashioned the awl according to the original form of the bone. There 



:256 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



are a few exceptions to this. Little need be said in regard to the 
mode of forming awls, so simple was the process. Examples will 
be given of the progressive stages of less common implements. 
The smaller awls may be described first. 

Fig. 1 is a very sharp implement, and much thicker than most 
of this size. The broad end is neatly finished, and near that end 
there is a distinct groove on the convex side. This may have 
•secured it more firmly to a handle. It is not as much rounded as 
most of its class, but has well defined angles. It comes from the 
fort west of Cazenovia, and is about 300 years old. On that site 
many bone implements have been found. Fig. 2 is from the same 
place, and was found by the writer. It is both sharp and slender, 
^and the notch on one side may also have been for attachment. The 
longitudinal groove is natural, and the base is unfinished, as in most 
examples of this kind. 

Fig. 6 is a curved awl, quite slender and nearly cylindric. The 
base is rounded and has four grooves. From its finish and orna- 
mental character, it may have been a hairpin. It is from a pre- 
historic site in Pompey. 

Fig. 10 was in Dr. Hinsdale's collection, and was found by him 
on the site last mentioned. This was a considerable town on a hill 
in Pompey, where many beautiful articles of bone and horn have 
been discovered in the ashes. It is a short and not very thick bone, 
flat on one side and a little rounded on the other. Both ends come 
to a sharp point. It may be said here that all the figures are of 
^actual size unless otherwise noted, and that all articles are of bone 
when not described as horn. The latter are comparatively few in 
proportion. Fig. 11 is from the same place, and is a fine # flat bone, 
sharp and highly polished. The base is neatly indented. Fig. 22 
was found near it, and is a good representative of a large class where 
some original outline of the bone remains. Jaws of animals are 
often worked merely to a sharp point, and the beaks of birds are 
naturally ready for use. 

Fig. 23 is from the fort west of Cazenovia, usually placed at the 
end of the 16th century. It is a narrow cylindric and tubular bone, 
-smoothly cut at one end and beveled at the other. It is a frequent 
form, and some have thought it a primitive arrow point. 



HORN AND BONE [IMPLEMENTS 



257 



Fig. 24 is from the prehistoric town in Pompey, already men- 
tioned, and known to local collectors as the Christopher site. By 
this name it will be designated in further descriptions. It may be 
a flat awl, but the form and side notches would be appropriate for 
an arrowhead. The base is neatly rounded, and it may have been 
an ornament. This would explain its high polish, which would 
hardly be expected were it simply the point of an arrow. 

Fig. 25 is a handsome awl from the fort west of Cazenovia, 
locally known and hereafter designated as the Atwell site. It is 
thin and sharp. The under side is concave, retaining this natural 
feature. The upper is flat and a little angular. Fig. 27 is a very 
small cylindric awl, with a rounded base, found by Dr Hinsdale at 
Brewerton. Many of Dr Hinsdale's articles are now in the state 
museum. Several examples of this kind are knowm, but it is not 
a frequent form. They are usually larger. 

Fig. 45 might be classed with awls, but the angular and grooved 
projection at the base suggests its use as a pick. The pointed por- 
tion is cylindric. This is from the Christopher site. 

Fig. 49 is another of the double-pointed, flat awls. It is quite 
thick and a very fine specimen of this form. It was found by Dr 
A. A. Getrnan in the vicinity of Chaumont bay, Jefferson co., 
where bone and horn relics abound. Fig. 67 presents a similar 
outline, but is slightly gougelike at one end. It is of moderate 
thickness and quite white. It was found by Luke Fitch of Pompey, 
on the Christopher site, and is now in the Bigelow collection at 
Baldwinsville, with many, others from that spot. Bone articles 
there have been finely preserved in ashes. 

Fig. 69 is from Dr Getman's collection. His many fine articles 
are from several sites in the vicinity of Chaumont bay, but several 
miles apart. This fine and sharp awl is nearly flat on one side, but 
rounded on the other. One edge is also broadly angular, and the 
other curved. 

Fig. 71 was found by Dr William G. Hinsdale of Syracuse, on 
the Sheldon fort site, lot 69, Pompey. This may have been occu- 
pied about 1630, and has many European articles. It is a sharp 
implement of deer horn, cylindric toward the point and somewhat 
flattened near the base. This is neatly rounded, and there is an 



258 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



indentation on each side above. For a considerable time Dr Hins- 
dale made a specialty of bone and horn implements, and was very 
successful in collecting them on early sites. 

Fig. 76 is a very slender and curved awl, with a sharp point and 
a neatly rounded base. It is polished all over, and much more 
curved than usual. This was found by Oren Pomeroy near Chau- 
mont bay. He has many tine articles of bone and horn. Fig. 74 
is a very slender bone awl from Pompey. The form is not rare. 

Fig. 80 is in the collection of the Buffalo academy of science, 
and was found in or near that city. It is worked all over, and at 
first suggests an unfinished hook. The two sharp points would be 
unnecessary in that case, but it might have been attached to a 
wooden shank and used in this way. On the other hand, the longi- 
tudinal grooves favor the idea that the ultimate intention was to 
cut it in two, thus making two small awls. The article is unique in 
its present form. 

Fig. 81 is a tine and flat awl found by the writer at the mouth of 
Perch river, Jefferson co., in 1899. It is moderately curved. The 
site is an early one, and yields much in pottery, hone and horn, and 
but little in stone. Fig. 82 is from the same county but not the 
same place. The double points suggest an awl, but are not very 
sharp. It may have been a pin. The indented center also suggests 
another use, that of a fishing implement made by some primitive 
peoples, but more cylindric than this. In that the line was attached 
to the center, the bone brought parallel to the line and covered with 
the bait. When this was swallowed, a jerk brought the implement 
across the throat, and secured the fish. The Eskimos use these for 
catching waterfowl. Dr Getman has the center of a similar article 
more angularly indented. 

Fig. 104 is a flat, triangular and perforated piece of bone, of 
small size and sharp at both ends. It may have been used in 
several ways, as an awl, an arrowhead, or the point of a fishhook. 
It is from the At well fort, and is in the collection of J. H. T. E. 
Burr of Cazenovia, who has many interesting articles from this site. 

Fig. 121 might be called a needle but for its size. The form is 
generally triangular, but the point and base are rounded, the latter 
having three notches. It is quite flat and has an elliptic perforation 



HORN AM) BONE IMPLEMENTS 



259 



near the base. It is from Jefferson county. Fig. 125 is similar and 
from the same county, but differs in having a sharp point, a higher 
and circular perforation, and no basal notches. Fig. 127 is another 
perforated awl or needle, sharp at both ends, and having a central 
perforation. It is generally flat, but somewhat undulating in form, 
and may have been used in fishing, though rather large for this. It 
came from the fort south of Pompey Center, occupied about 1640. 
Fig. 122 is much like this, but shorter and broader. This fine 
article is nearly flat, and a little rounded on the upper side. The 
reverse is slightly concave, and both sides are polished. This is 
from the earlier and prehistoric Christopher site, and is now in 
O. M. Bigelow's collection at Baldwinsville. Fig. 261 is in the same 
collection, and is a very fine bone awl from the Seneca river north 
of TTeedsport. It is somewhat angular, and the points at each end 
are rounded. The color is dark brown, and it was probably colored 
and preserved by iron in the soil. Fig. 271 is a half round and 
slender bone awl from the Atwell fort. It is worked all over and 
pointed at both ends. It is a fine and not very rare form, having 
one slender and one obtuse point. Fig. 275 is from the same place, 
and is a little wider, and with a more obtuse basal point. 

Fig. 302 is a unique form, curved, and having four notches on 
each side near the rounded base. It may have been used as a hair- 
pin or for ornament, and is quite slender. This was found by Di- 
ll. W. Amidon of New York city, at Point Peninsula in Jefferson 
county. While summering on Chaumont bay, he has done much 
valuable work and collected many fine articles. Fig. 315 is from 
the same collection, and was found in the vicinity of Chaumont bay. 
It is a small and flat implement, one end being pointed, and the other 
rounded and nearly like a chisel. Fig. 317 is also from the same 
collection, but is a frequent form on many sites, usually but slightly 
worked. It appears among European articles and is a bird bone. 

These figures sufficiently represent the smaller forms of what are 
commonly called awls, but a few others may be mentioned. In 
later days the iron point replaced that of bone, and Aunt Dinah, 
the aged Onondaga squaw, had an iron awl with a cylindric handle 
of curved bone, 3J inches long. This had transverse grooves, and 
much resembled some early bone beads. A fine and slender bone 



260 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



awl comes from a site near Munnsville. Most of the relics there 
are of the historic period. In the Richmond collection is a nice 
awl from a burial mound (?) at Mannsville, Jefferson co., which is 3 
inches long, and in the same collection is a curious flattened one of 
the same length. This is carved, having a single convex curve on 
one side, and two concave curves on the other. This comes from 
Madison county. Many fine and sharp awls have been found by 
Dr Hinsdale on what is called the Kaneenda site, north of Syracuse. 
Many also occur on the mixed sites at Brewerton. Dr Hinsdale 
also collected slender and flat awls on the Sheldon site, lot 69, 
Pompey. Among those from Brewerton is a line double-pointed 
horn awl, 4-J inches long, and another of the same material, very 
slender and a little curved, not unlike a dentalium shell in outline. 
This is \\ inches long. Another of bone is 2 inches long, curved, 
polished and very slender. 

Fig. 44 is a sharpened fish spine from Brewerton. These are 
frequent and of many sizes. Fig. 70 was made from the bill of a 
sheldrake, and is from the Atwell site and in the L. W. Ledyard 
collection. These also are frequent, with the bills of other birds. 

Among the larger awls, as we may call them for the sake of a 

name, many of the same forms appear, often grading into those 

which might be differently classed. Some which have a distinctly 

narrowed and sharpened point, have also broad blades suggestive of 

knives. Another use is even more probable. In the League of the 

Iroquois, p. 363, L. H. Morgan illustrates the " ga-ne-u'-ga-o-dus-ha, 

or deer horn war club." After describing the common club of hard 

wood, he says of the one just named : 

This species of war club was also much used. It was made of 
hard wood, elaborately carved, painted and ornamented with feathers 
at the ends. In the lower edge, a sharp-pointed deer's horn, about 
4 inches in length, was inserted. It was thus rendered a dangerous 
weapon in close combat, and would inflict a deeper wound than the 
former. They wore it in the girdle. At a later period they used 
the same species of club, substituting a steel or iron blade resem- 
bling a spearhead, in the place of the horn. War clubs of this descrip- 
tion are still (1851) to be found among the Iroquois, preserved as 
relics of past exploits. It is not probable, however, that these two 
varieties were peculiar to them ; they were doubtless common over 
the continent. The tomahawk succeeded the war club, as the rifle 
did the bow. 



HORN A M) BONE [IMPLEMENTS 26 L 

The careful reader will find that the name of tomaifawk was 
originally applied to a wooden weapon, and the arming of this with 
a cutting point was a step in the evolution of a formidable imple- 
ment of war. Adopting Mr Morgan's statement, we can refer to 
this weapon some of the broader forms called awls, and particularly 
those horn points which are rounded rather than sharpened. To 
the latter we can assign no more probable use. The horn in his 
figure of a club has the curve of the antler prong. In the follow- 
ing descriptions a few of the broader forms will be classed as knives, 
though their use, strictly as such, may be considered doubtful. 

Fig. 3 is a flat and sharp awl, generally wide, and expanding still 
more at the base. Within half an inch of this broad end are two 
transverse grooves, quite close together. It is finely polished, and 
came from the Nichols pond site in Madison county, the scene of 
Champlain's attack in 1615. It is now in the collection of A. H. 
Waterbury at Brewerton. ^ Fig. 4 also belongs to him, and was 
found on the east side of the mouth of Chittenango creek, lying in 
the water. It is moderately broad, fine and sharp. For the most 
part the edges are parallel, but expand near the broad end into a 
well curved base. 

Fig. 1 is a fine flat and narrow awl, perforated near the base. 
This came from the recent site in Rice's woods, east of Stone Arabia 
in Montgomery county. It is somewdiat angular. Fig. 8 is a 
beautiful, very slender and symmetric awl, found east of the 
Canajoharie cemetery. It tapers from near the base, on either side, 
to the sharp point at one end, and abruptly curves to the obtuse 
point at the other. It is the largest of this form the writer has 
seen and is nearly or epiite cylindric. Fig. 9 is in the Richmond 
collection, and came from Nichols pond. It is a slender and flat 
awl, with one side nearly straight, and the other curving outward 
so as to form a broad base. 

Fig. 15 is fine and flat, tapering regularly from near the base to 
the point. The base is angular, the joint not having been fully 
worked down. Found on the At well site by Luke Fitch of Water- 
vale. Most of his articles are now in the Bigelow cqllection, mak- 
ing further personal reference unnecessary. The next two articles 
were found by the same person at the same place. Fig. 16 is 



262 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



another slender and long bone awl, tapering directly from a rather 
broad base to the sharp point. It is half round in section, and is 
polished all over. Fig. IT is also half round, tapering from a wide 
center to each end. The base forms an obtuse point, and there is a 
deep notch on one edge just above it. A slight ridge extends from 
near the center to the sharp point. 

Fig. 18 is a highly polished bone awl, found by Oren Pomeroy 
in the vicinity of Chaumont bay. The edges are parallel till near 
the point, and it has the common flat form. In one edge, just 
above the rounded base, is a notch, and above this several short and 
slight cuts. Fig. 19 is one of the prettiest of Mr Pomeroy 's articles. 
It is broad near the center, regularly tapering to a sharp point at 
one end, and to a narrow rounded base at the other. It is nearly 
flat, but with rounded edges. Its polished surface has been beauti- 
fully mottled by fire, making it very attractive in appearance. A 
recent inspection showed that in two years its rich hues had greatly 
faded from exposure. 

Fig. 20 is a long and nearly flat bone awl or pin ; probably the 
latter, as the point is obtuse, and the base has transverse grooves as 
if for ornament. This is from the Christopher site in Pompey. 
Fig. 21 is from the same place, and is a fine flat implement, taper- 
ing from the broad base to the point. 

Fig. 28 is a curious curved implement which may be called a 
large awl. It has been cut lengthwise more than half way along the 
edge, thus exposing the cavity of the bone. The point is but 
moderately sharp. It came from the Atwell site, and was in the 
Ledyard collection. 

Fig. 29 is in Dr Getman's collection at Chaumont. It is a much 
curved, cylindric and pointed bone. The base is irregular and but 
very slightly worked. This was probably used in a war club. Fig. 
30 is one of those forms mentioned, the point suggesting an awl, 
and the broader part a knife, or, perhaps still better, an instrument 
for skinning deer, as the parallel edges are rounded and not sharp. 
The rounded base is nicely worked, and the point is formed by a 
concave sweep on both edges. Dr Amidon found this near the vil- 
lage of St Lawrence, in Jefferson county. Fig. 37 may be com- 
pared with this, differing but little in outline. It is highly polished, 



SOKE AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 



203 



and is flat, with rounded edges which, are not parallel. The base is 
broad and notched. It is from the Christopher site in Pompey, 
and is not a frequent form. 

Fig. 31 is a beautiful article found by Dr G-etman near Chaumont 
bay. The edges run in a straight line from near the rounded base 
to the sharp point. The base is deeply notched, and thence a nar- 
row groove extends on one surface to the point. The implement is 
flat, and quite brown in color. 

Fig. 32 is from the island at Brewerton, where so many flue 
bone articles have been found. It is a beautiful implement, worked 
all over, and while generally flat, it has beveled edges. There is a 
sharp point at each end, and it is less angular there. This is in the 
Waterbury collection, as is the next. Fig. 33 resembles the last, 
but is broader, shorter, and has but one point, while tapering toward 
the base. 

Fig. 34 is a peculiar long and slender awl from what is called the 
Cayadutta fort site, in Fulton county. It has but one point, but the 
long shaft toward the base is unusually slender. Many fine bone 
articles have been found on this early site. This one is in the late 
A. G. Richmond's collection. The fort was probably occupied 
about 1600, or a little earlier 

Fig. 38 is a unique article from Brewerton, and is in the Water- 
bury collection. It seems part of a bear's lower jaw, cut down and 
sharpened for an awl, but with most of the teeth remaining. This 
is a rare feature. 

Fig. 39 is a tine and sharp bone awl, nearly flat, which was found 
by G. W. Chapin of Fonda, at a site on Wemple creek, 3 miles 
north of the Mohawk river. It is a large, well finished and symmet- 
ric awl, 7 inches long, and therefore not of the very largest size. 
Mr Chapin found it in ashes, 18 inches below the surface. It has 
some grooves near the well wrought base. Thanks are due for the 
loan of this fine implement. 

Fig. 40 is a remarkably fine example of a flat bone awl, approach- 
ing the knife form. It is widest in the middle, tapering regularly 
toward each end. Near the narrow and rounded base is a notch on 
each side. This is from Rice's woods, near Stone Arabia. 

Fig. 41 is a fine example of a frequent form of bone awl, or pos- 



264 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



sibly a dagger. The base does not suggest its use in a club, it is so 
thick. At that end the joint is neatly worked down, but not oblit- 
erated. Thence it tapers regularly on all sides to the sharp point. 
It is highly polished and is a large specimen of this class, being 
about 5-J- inches long. It was found by Dr 'Hinsdale on the Chris- 
topher site. Most articles from this site were collected by Luke 
Fitch. Fig. 50 is another of these massive awls, if they may be 
called so, found by Dr Hinsdale at the Sheldon fort in Pompey. It 
is much like the last, but is both broader and shorter, and the base 
is less worked. Fig. 51 is another fine article of this class, from the 
Atwell fort. It is large, highly polished, and is worked almost all 
over. This is in the Burr collection. Fig. 295 is a much more 
slender example from the Christopher site, and now in the Bigelow 
collection. The base is left un worked. Fig. 325 is another massive 
example from Pompey in the same collection. It is 8f- inches long, 
but is much reduced on this plate. It is well worked and somewhat 
curved. Near the point the cavity of the bone is exposed. 

Fig. 46 is a double-pointed flat awl, ornamented with Crosshatch - 
ing, a somewhat unusual feature. This was from Jefferson county, 
and in the Twining collection, as was the next. Fig. 47 has an 
ornamentation of grooves, and three perforations toward the base, 
which is indented. The lower perforation is elliptic, and the others 
circular. The edges are slightly curved, one being concave. 

Fig. 48 is a fine flat bone awl from Pompey, in the Bigelow col- 
lection. It is thick and highly polished, with a moderate ridge on 
one side. Fig. 54 is from the same place and in the same collection. 
It is thick and highly polished, w T ith a very sharp point. There is 
a diagonal groove across the base, which may be natural. 

Fig. 55 is a curved bone awl from Brewerton, somewhat flattened 
but having the edges rounded. It is partly hollow. This' is in the 
Waterbury collection. Fig. 57 is a thin, flat, slender, and very 
sharp bone awl from Pompey, in the Bigelow collection. Fig. 59 
is in the same cabinet, and is from the Christopher site. It is a 
much curved bone awl, broad in the center and pointed at both 
ends. The convex side is broadly grooved. The implement is tri- 
angular toward the broad end and flattened toward the narrow point. 
Fig. 68 is from the same place. It is a fine, sharp and slender awl,, 



HORN AND IJONK IMPLEMENTS 



205 



ornamented with grooves near the base, and this feature suggests a 
pin. Fig. 116 is a line flat bone awl, highly polished all over, and 
tapering from the broad base to the point. The reverse is slightly 
concave. From the same site as the last. Fig. 128 is from the 
same place, and is placed with the awls for convenience. It is a 
hollow and nearly cylindric bone, well worked, and beveled for 
more than half its length across the cavity of the bone, a rounded 
point being produced. 

Fig. 312 is a fine and sharp bone awl, found by Dr Amidon in 
the vicinity of Chaumont bay. Some lines may be for ornament. 
One side is fiat and the other angular. Fig. 334 is one of the finest 
bone awls seen by the writer. It is from the same region as the 
last, and was found by Oren Pomeroy. In the plate it is reduced, but 
is 8 inches long, quite straight on one side and but slightly emarginate 
on the other. It is cut down so that the natural cavity appears for 
two thirds of the length. The edges of this are highly polished, as 
is all the convex surface. It is very sharp, and for its size very 
slender. 

Fig. 335 is a slender and flattened awl, 8f inches in extent. Both 
edges are curved, the one being convex and the other concave. The 
base is broad and convex, with a broad and curving notch toward 
the inside of the implement, which is much reduced in the plate. 
It was found on the border, of Canajoharie village, in a grave which 
contained a very fine and perfect R. Tippet pipe of white clay, and 
is in the Richmond collection. Fig. 339 is a fine, long and slightly 
curved bone awl, found by Dr Hinsdale at the mouth of Chittenango 
creek. There is a small perforation near the tip. The width is 
quite uniform, but with a broader base, and the general surface is 
flat. In the plate it is reduced, being 8-J inches long. 

In A. G-. Richmond's collection is a fine and slender bone awl 
from the Otstungo site, near Fort Plain. It is TJ inches long. A 
fine flattened and angular awl from Nichols pond is 4f inches long. 
Besides others, Dr Hinsdale found a long and nearly straight bone 
awl on the Sheldon site. It is 8 inches in length, and is angular. 
Another bone awl from the same site, having a double curve, is 5-J 
inches long. 

In the Richmond collection are the following three awls. A flue 



266 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



and regularly tapering one is from England's woods in Montgomery 
county, where there is a recent site. This awl is 5f inches long. 
Another of a straight and slender form is 7£ inches long, and came 
from the Cayadutta fort. A joint forms the base of this. A 
similar straight and tapering awl is from the same fort, and is Tf 
inches long. This is worked throughout. 

Mr Yan Epps has many fine articles from the above site. Among 
these is a fine bone awl, 4f inches long, generally rather wide, but 
compressed toward the base. It is ridged on one side. Three long 
ones taper from a moderately broad base to a sharp point. One is 
6 inches long, another is Yf, and another 8 inches in length. Many 
other fine ones have been found on this early site. 

Double-pointed awls occur in the mounds of Manitoba, and the 
leading forms and features are found throughout the world. In 
Canada there is a close correspondence with .New York forms. 

On Long Island Mr Tooker found the bones of the deer abun- 
dant in many shell heaps, but implements of this material were not 
frequent. Near the city of New York a few awls have been found. 
John B. James described one fine specimen from Yan Cortlandt 
park, which was 5-J- inches long and tapering in the usual way. In 
the shell heaps bones have been often found which had been split 
open to extract the marrow. Such examples occur elsewhere. 

From the Atwell fort comes a large, straight and thick awl, 
polished all over, which is inches in length. Another fine and 
straight awl is from Brewerton. It is 5 J inches long, and has an 
expanded base. A very slender awl from the Christopher site is 
4|- inches long, and has a point at each end. It becomes narrow 
toward one end, and then expands again. This article is quite 
unusual in form. Among other long awls may be mentioned one 
in the Buffalo academy of science which is 7 inches long. 

At the mouth of Perch river, in Jefferson county, the writer dug 
up a fine polished bone awl, which was 7-J inches long, and nearly 
flat. It was not straight, but distinctly bent about a quarter of the 
way from the base. Another slender Jefferson county awl is 6-J- 
inches long, and was found by Dr Amidon. Most of his best bone 
relics have been from two sites. This awl is angular, light colored, 
and thoroughly worked except at the base. 



HORN AND IJONK IMPLEMENTS 



26? 



These examples will suffice to show how fine, abundant and wide- 
spread these implements are in the Iroquois territory, but it might 
be unwise to suppose they were less used elsewhere. 

Fig. 5 is one of the broad and flat forms, which have a narrow 
and sharp point like an awl, but are otherwise suggestive of knives. 
They are not usually sharp enough for cutting flesh or hides, and a 
party of excavators jocosely called them paper knives. They might 
now answer for these. They may have been inserted in war clubs, 
but it is more probable they were used in flaying beasts. This fine 
example has a very angular outline, the broad surface suddenly con- 
tracting toward the slender and sharp point. It was found by Dr 
Hinsdale on the island at Brewerton. Fig. 26 is a flat and thin 
bone knife from the At well fort. The form is broad, the outline 
curved, and the base neatly rounded. There can be little doubt of 
its use. Two other flne examples have been described among the 
awls. Fig. 42 is one of the most pronounced forms. It is from 
the Christopher site, and is in the Bigelow collection. The general 
form is broad, the edges not quite parallel, and it is everywhere 
polished. On the reverse side it is broadly concave. One end 
abruptly narrows to a point, and the base slopes to a point on one 
edge. One surface is rounded, but it becomes thin and flat toward 
the point of the implement. This is one of the finest examples of 
this form yet found, and its use as a skinning implement can hardly 
be questioned. 

Fig. 43 is another flne specimen, found by Dr Hinsdale on the 
island at Brewerton. It is flat and has nearly parallel edges. One 
of these is curved to make a sharp point, and there is a slight 
indentation near the rounded base. Fig. 58 is another, still finer 
and also more definite in character. It is in the Bigelow collection, 
and from the Christopher site. It has a double curve at the base, 
which is rounded. The edges are thick and mostly parallel, and it 
is worked on both sides. It is pointed, and the upper surface is 
moderately ridged. The outline is that of a broad knife, but there 
is no long cutting edge, and it may have been used in a war club, 
but more probably as a skinning implement. Fig. 60 is a fine article 
of the same kind, flat and with a longitudinal groove on one side, and 
somewhat rounded on the other. It has a broad point, and the base 



268 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



may have been broken. This is from Brewerton. Fig. 61 is a fine,, 
flat bone awl or narrow knife from the Cayadutta site. The point 
has been lost, and one edge ran straight to this. Most of the length 
the edges are parallel. The base shows a transverse cut close to the 
ornamental grooves, and it seems to have been broken there. The 
carving is of straight lines variously arranged. This is in the col- 
lection of Percy M. Van Epps of Glenville. 

Fig. 62 is a flat and curved bone implement, one of the broad, 
rounded ends being sharpened. The edges are neatly rounded, and it 
is nearly a quarter of an inch thick. It was found by Dr Hinsdale 
on the island at Brewerton. Fig. 65 is fine and thick, and is jDolished 
all over. It is somewhat angular, and the reverse is concave. This is 
from Pompey and in the Bigelow cabinet. Fig. 66 is a broad, flat and 
curved bone knife, worked all over and ornamented with straight lines 
variously arranged. This was found near the village of St Lawrence, 
and belongs to Charles Grouse of Chaumont. These ornamented arti- 
cles seem more frequent in Jefferson county than elsewhere. 

Fig. 75 is unique. It is a thin and neatly worked knife, made 
from the antler of a young deer. It was found by George Slocum 
in the Onondaga valley some miles south of Syracuse. 

Fig. 8i is a broken bone implement from the vicinity of the vil- 
lage of St Lawrence, and is decorated in the frequent style of that 
region. It suggests a long knife with parallel edges. These are 
rounded. The reverse is flat with a longitudinal groove. Fig. 88 
was found by Dr Amidon near the same place. It is flattened and 
line, with a longitudinal groove in one surface. These are usually 
part of the natural cavity. 

Fig. 113 is a form frequent in Jefferson county. One collection 
has many and fine examples, but figures of these could not be 
procured. One similar to this, but larger, has four perforations, 
and some others have the same number. The one here represented 
is in the Bigelow collection and from the Christopher site, showing 
the probable migration of the early Onondagas from JefTe v son 
county. It is highly polished all over, is nearly flat, and is pointed 
at both ends. The edges are rounded, and it has two perforations. 
Fig. 115 is from another early Onondaga fort, the Atwell site. It 
is flat, dark, and polished all over. One end is pointed and the 



HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 



269 



other rounded. The edges are rounded, and there is one perfora- 
tion. Fig. 282 may be merely an awl, but is very broad. It is. 
polished ail over and is quite thick. The base is indented, and the 
edges are slightly convex. The frequent groove appears in one 
surface. Tins is from the Atwell fort. 

Fig. 305 is the first in a series of three illustrating the formation 
of a bone knife, kindly furnished by Dr R. W. Amidon, and all 
from Jefferson county. This is a long medullary bone, split and 
chipped to a flat surface, the outside surface being left untouched. 
Tig. 306 is of a flatter bone, not only chipped on one side but 
brought to a knife form. Fig. 307 is worked into better shape, 
and is ready for the final grinding and polishing. This is whiter 
than the other two. 

Fig. 114: is from Jefferson county, and made from a split bone. 
One end is pointed, and the base is nearly square. There is one 
large perforation near the edge, both edges being much curved. 

A rude bone knife was found on the Seneca river, nearly opposite 
Three River Point. The general form is that of a case knife, 
resembling the bone knives the Onondagas made for sale nearly a 
century ago. The article is 3f inches long, but the blade is short. 
A flat bone implement of the knife form comes from the Christo- 
pher site. It is worked all over, has a large central perforation, and 
rounded edges, indented on one side toward the broad point. The 
length is 4 inches and the breadth J of an inch. 

Fig. 319 is a fine, broad knife made from the joint of a large, flat 
bone. It was found on the Onondaga outlet by Dr Hinsdale. It is 
highly polished on both sides ; and for its length it is thin. 

Punches and blunt implements 

No precise use can be safely assigned to some articles with rounded 
or flattened ends. Those which are curved and slightly tapering 
were probably inserted in clubs. Others have purposely enlarged 
ends. If they had points, they might be considered pins, but 
usually these are lacking. It has been thought that some were used 
in decorating pottery, but a hollow bone seems the only bone article 
employed for this. In a general way it may be best to describe 
them simply as they are, unless there appear reasons for some 
special use. 



270 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Fig. 52 is an antler prong with a rounded point, found by Dr 
Hinsdale in Pompey, on the Sheldon site. It is safe to assume that 
this was used in a war club, as all of like character probably were. 
Many such forms will be left unnoticed. 

Fig. 53 is usually termed a punch, without farther suggestions of 
use. It gradually expands toward the larger end, which is neatly 
worked and almost flat. The smaller end is as neatly rounded, the 
general form being cylindric. This is from the recent site in Rice's 
woods, near Stone Arabia. Fig. 83 is a bone implement in the 
"Waterbury collection at Brewerton. It suggests a small pestle, 
and is nearly square in section, having the edges and ends rounded. 
Fig. 87 is a Mohawk bone article in the Richmond collection, nicely 
worked and cylindric throughout. At one end the cylinder is 
abruptly enlarged, and both ends are neatly cut. Fig. 90 is a long 
and thick cylindric bone, which is imperforated. It is well worked, 
and the ends well rounded. It is in a Buffalo collection. 

Fig. 91 is a very long cylindric bone punch, from the fort near 
Pompey Center. It expands slightly toward one end, and very 
much toward the other. Fig. 92 is a long, slender and cylindric bone 
implement, slightly curved. Near each end of the concave edge is 
a sharp notch. This is not perforated, and is one of four of various 
lengths, taken from a grave near Rochester Junction by C. F. 
Moseley of Bergen N". Y. The grave contained European articles. 
The other bone relics were shorter and thicker, evidently intended 
"for beads but not perforated. 

Fig. 96 is flat and thick, parallel sided, and with the ends nicely 
rounded. Dr Hinsdale found this at Brewerton, and with it two 
others, differing only in being shorter. 

Fig. 97 may be a broken pin, having a thick and angular head. 
The general form is cylindric. It is in the Richmond collection, 
and came from Richmond Mills, Ontario co. Bone fishhooks were 
found with it. Fig. 99 is a cylindric bone, expanding into a 
broad, flat and curving edge. The small end is neatly rounded. It 
is from the recent site near Stone Arabia. Fig. 100 is a fine curved 
and cylindric bone pestle, found with a bone mortar at the Garoga 
or Ephratah fort, in Fulton county, by S. L. Frey. It is very 
neatly worked. 



HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 



271 



Fig. 103 is a short bono punch, cylindric, but expanding toward 
one end for nearly half its length. This is in the collection of 
F. H. Yail in Pompey Center, and comes from the fort, a little south 
of his house, known as the Lawrence fort. Fig. 112 is much like 
the last, but is longer, while the expansion is shorter. Some polished 
bone beads were with this, of the same diameter and average length. 
This is from the Atwell fort, and in the Bigelow collection. This 
form seems most common in the early historic period. 

Fig. 131 is a cylindric and tubular horn implement, and may 
have been a charger for powder. The narrower projection at one 
end is an eight-sided stopper of horn. Found by Luke Fitch on a 
recent site north of Watervale in Pompey. Fig. 301 is a well 
worked cylindric bone, which is not perforated but may have been 
intended for a bead. It came from a grave at Rochester Junction. 
Fig. 297 is smaller than the last, but is of the same character and 
from the same place. The same may be said of h'g. 298, which is 
much more slender than either. From their presence in a grave 
and nicely rounded ends, it may be inferred that they were finished 
articles, whatever their proposed use. Fig. 330 is a very neat 
cylindric punch, with the frequent neatly rounded ends, one of 
which is expanded. It is from Rice's woods near Stone Arabia. 
In the plate it is reduced in size, the true length being 3 inches. 

Fig. 341 is a curious article from Brewerton, 9 inches long, but 
reduced in this plate. Dr Plato, the finder, thought it a tusk, but 
it is probably horn. For more than half the length from the 
rounded point it is cylindric ; thence toward the base it is more 
quadrilateral, but with rounded edges, The base is abruptly and 
uniformly compressed, and has a long rectangular perforation. In 
Europe such holes were for holding stone points, but this does not 
seem the purpose here. The implement follows the natural curve 
of the material. Many curious things were found with this. 

Fig. 346 is another curious article of deer horn, resembling the 
last in some respects but not closely. . It is the lower part of an 
antler, retaining the base almost unchanged. All the prongs have 
been removed, and much of the surface dressed down. The tip has 
been cleft and sharpened where it was cut off, and toward the base 
is a rectangular hole, such as is found in the primitive bone whistle. 



:272 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



This and the last could hardly have been used as handles for stone 
points. It measures 7-| inches from tip to tip, and is nearly 
cylindric. This came from a grave at Jack Keef, on the Seneca 
river, and is in the Bigelow collection. A shorter prong was found 
with it. 

A few other examples may be mentioned. One bone punch from 
the Atwell fort is almost elliptic in section. It is f of an inch wide 
and 2f inches long. From the same place comes a tapering but not 
pointed bone punch, which has the ends rounded, and is 2-J inches 
long. 

In the Vail collection at Pompey Center is a cylindric and taper- 
ing horn punch, 5 inches long. Dr Hinsdale found a cylindric, 
slender and perforated bone at Brewer ton, both ends of which were 
broken. It was 6f inches long, with an average diameter of a 
quarter of an inch. Another curious article is in the Waterbury 
collection. It is a slender, irregularly curved and pointed imple- 
ment, 6f inches long. There are transverse cuts near the pointed 
end, and rough and shallow grooves around most of the article. 
Dr Hinsdale also had, from the same place, a curved and cylindric 
bone, 4r| inches long. In W. L. Hildburgh's collection are many 
of the so called punches ; and worked antler prongs occur on most 
village sites. One odd article in his collection is a curved piece of 
antler, 7-J- inches long, which has notches toward the upper part of 
.the convex edge. This came from Pompey. 

Beads and pendants 

Fig. 35 shows one of the birdlike pendants, which are perforated 
laterally through the neck. This is ornamented with dots and lines, 
and comes from Scipioville. They are more frequent in shell than 
in bone. Fig. 36 is another from Honeoye Falls, belonging to 
C F. Moseley of Bergen. There are transverse lines on this, and the 
eyes are represented. Fig. 129 is from Pompey, and is ornamented 
with dots. All are of the historic period, late in the 16th and early 
in the 17th century. 

Fig. 95 is a moderately long cylindric bone bead, highly polished, 
and well worked at both ends. This was taken out of ashes at the 
Atwell fort in 1896 by Eev. W. M. Beauchamp. It is a tine 
example of its class. On sites of that age bone beads share the 



HORN AM) BONE EMPLEMENTS 



273 



honors with those of shell, while others but a few years earlier may 
show only bone beads and ornaments. 

Fig. 124 is a long, straight and cylindric bone bead, found in 
Pompey. It is polished and slender, and has transverse diagonal 
lilies. Fig. 132 is from the same place, its outline being a long 
ellipse. It retains its polish. Fig. 136 is a large and cylindric bone 
bead from Pompey. It is a little curved, and the ends are well 
finished. Fig. 137 is a straight and polished cylindric bone bead 
from the same town. It is adorned with cross grooves. Fig. 138 is 
another cylindric and curved bead in the Waterbury collection at 
Brewerton. Long beads usually retain the curve of the bone, and 
the perf oration may be unaltered or enlarged. Fig. 174 is a short, 
flattened cylindric bead found near the mouth of Perch river. 

Fig. 139 is of a different character, and is from the fort near 
Jamesville, burned in 1696. It presents a rectangular outline here, 
but is triangular in section, and was made with metallic tools. It 
is in the_Bigelow collection. Fig. 140 is a curious little ornament 
or implement from the Atwell fort, imperforated, though a slight 
depression may indicate a hole begun. It is foot shaped and 
indented, and is now in the Burr collection. Perforated articles, 
similar in form and size, have been used to keep open the slits 
in noses and ears. One like the figure here given* was found 
in a mound on the Bay of Quinte, on the north shore of Lake 
Ontario. 

Fig. 144 shows the end of a femur bone, worked and perforated 
for suspension as an ornament. This was found by Dr Hinsdale 
on the Sheldon site in Pompey. The outline is more elaborate and 
the perforation larger than in several examples from another Pom- 
pey site, a few miles away, and perhaps of 50 years' earlier date^. 
Fig. 356 to 361 are all from the Christopher site, and in the Bige- 
low collection. Fig. 357 is a good example of the same ornament. 
It is partly smoothed on the reverse, and has a small perforation, 
like all others from this site. Fig. 358 has been ground smooth on 
the reverse. Fig. 359 is perforated through the natural depression, 
and smoothing has been begun on the other surface. Fig. 360 is 
made from the concave capping of a joint. The natural surface is 
here shown, slightly worked. On the reverse it is ground smooth. 



274 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



The perforation is central. Fig. 361 shows the rough side of a 
similar plate, showing signs of use. The figure presents the convex 
surface. All these are of a deep brown color, which may have come 
from exposure or choice. 

Fig. 356 is a broken but well wrought ornament, hard and white 
as ivory, and with a high polish. It is a carving of a bird's head, 
with a perforation for the eye. The lower edge is sharp, and 
ground from both sides. It is concave on the reverse. 

Fig. 145 is a short and cylindric bone bead from Buffalo. Fig. 
146 is longer and more slender, and was found in Cayuga county. 
It has transverse grooves and is recent. Fig. 147 is a black bone 
bead, discolored by lying in the water. It was found by Dr Hins- 
dale at the mouth of Chittenango creek, and is short, curved and 
cylindric. Fig. 158 is a short bead in the Richmond collection, 
from the Nichols pond site. Fig. 165 is a long and cylindric bead 
from Rice's woods, and is in the same collection. It has three 
groups of encircling grooves. Fig. 167 is a so called crescent from 
Venice, Cayuga co. These are usually of shell. In stringing they 
were placed close together, or separated by short beads. Fig. 276 
is unique, and is in the Richmond collection. It comes from Eng- 
land's woods, where the caches are found northeast of Stone Arabia. 
It resembles the common bird forms except in its large size, and in 
having feet near the tail. Fig. 300 is an ovate bone ornament in 
the Buffalo academy of science, probably intended for perforation 
and suspension. 

Fig. 347 is a flattened ornament, perforated from top to bottom, 
which would be triangular but for being cut off above. Fig. 348 
is similar, but is almost pointed. In section each is a flattened 
ellipse. Several of these were found varying much in outline and 
size, but having the same general character. They were obtained 
2-J miles north of Fort Plain. 

Perforated and grooved teeth 

Teeth and claws have been a favorite savage decoration all over 
the world, and the perforated bears tooth of Europe scarcely differs 
in appearance from that of America. There are probably very few 
village sites in New York where this is not found, cut, perforated 
or with a groove around the base. On camp sites of brief occupa- 



BORN AND BONE EMPLEMENTS 



275 



tion these teeth can hardly be expected. The teeth of smaller 

animals were in less favor, though sometimes used. Unman trophies 

perhaps had not the esteem which some have supposed. Fingers 

were cut or bitten off by the fierce Iroquois, but there is positive 

evidence that these were not preserved, as some have thought. 

Accustomed as they were to plucking out the nails of captives, it is 

not likely these were kept as trophies, as lias been reported. The 

French often told such things, as the enemies of the Iroquois 

related them, and De Tries said that either the Mahikans or the 

Mohawks "place their foe against a tree or stake, and first tear all 

the nails from his fingers and run them on a string, which they 

wear the same as we do gold chains. It is considered to the honor 

of any chief who has vanquished or overcome his enemies if he bite 

off or cut off some of their members, as whole fingers." De Vries, 

3:91. This, he was told, was done at Albany, which was in the 

Mahikan territory. 

Father Jogues mentions the Mohawk* practice : 

There remained to me only two nails ; these barbarians tore these 
out with the teeth, lacerating the flesh beneath, and stripping it 
even to the bone with their nails, which they nurse until very long. 
delations, 161fl 

In the Relation of 1658 it is noted that the savages " nourish 
their nails as a mark of nobility, showing that their hands are not 
fit for work." A necklace of this kind might thus show the rank 
of those tortured or slain. Most narratives give the impression that 
they were torn out and cast away. In the nature of things they 
would not have survived to our day, if preserved then. 

In a paper entitled " Medicine men of the Apache," Capt. John 
G. Bourke describes the use of perforated human teeth as orna- 
mental trophies, in many parts of the world. He says, " In my 
own experience I have never come across any specimens, and my 
belief is that among the Indians south of the isthmus such things 
are to be found almost exclusively. I have found no reference to 
such ornamentation or ' medicine ' among the tribes of North 
America." Bourke, p. 4:87 

Human teeth occur on Iroquois sites unconnected with graves, 
for in their cannibal feasts these might be dropped anywhere, but 
perforated teeth are certainly rare. Fig. 162 is one from an Oneida 



276 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



site near Munnsville N". Y., now in the writer's possession and 
attached to a string of small disk beads. It is perforated laterally 
at the base, and is in good preservation. In graves the teeth are 
usually the best preserved parts of the human frame. 

Fig. 195 is another rare specimen from the Onondaga fort of 
1696. It is the crown of a tooth neatly cut off and perforated for 
suspension, the hole being at one corner. The grinding surface is 
much worn, but it appears to be one of the lower side teeth of the 
black bear. This is in the Bigelow collection. Fig. 188 is a per- 
forated tooth from Pompey, owned by Mr Fitch. A similar one 
was with it, and it is one of the front teeth of the woodchuck. 
Fig. 293 is much like the last, but has been cut down to a greater 
extent. It was found at Munnsville. 

Fig. 178 is part of a beaver's tooth, split and then ground flat on 
the inside. It was found by Dr Hinsdale at Brewerton. Fig. 179 
is another woodchuck tooth from the Christopher site, which is 
notched like a saw. Such examples are rare. Fig. 296 is another 
perforated and worked tooth of the beaver, found at Brewerton. It 
is of a red color and quite large. 

Fig. 193 is an elk's tooth, perforated and ground off at the base. It 
is in the Richmond collection. It was found on the Otstungo site. 
Fig. 194 is another from Brewerton. The only work on this is the 
perforation. Several found there were perforated and more or less 
ground. Fig. 272 is from the Onondaga fort of 1696, and is in the 
Bigelow collection. Another elk's tooth with it was cut off at one 
end. Fig. 273 is a smaller tooth in the Burr collection, found on 
the Atwell site. It is quite dark in color, and one with it was 
opalescent. Fig. 274 is a smaller perforated tooth from a prehis- 
toric fort a mile west of Baldwinsville and north of the Seneca 
river. It is in the Bigelow collection. Elks teeth were and are 
highly prized by the Indians, and now bring a high price. A few 
more will be mentioned later. 

Fig. 294 has the appearance of a wolf's tooth, and is in the Buf- 
falo collection, where there is another. Fig. 292 is similar and from 
Geneva. 

Bears' teeth unworked are frequent ; and out of a great number 
of those used for ornament a few selections are here made. They 



HORN AND IJONK IMIM.KMKNTS 



277 



occur on almost all village sites, and have a wider distribution than 
any other bone ornament in time and territory. Here there are 
three principal divisions : those grooved for suspension, those per- 
forated, and those cut off for some other purpose. Fig. 286 is the 
common form of those perforated, the work being confined to the 
perforation as a rule. This is in the Vail collection at Pompey 
Center, and was found in 1891. Many of these have been figured. 
Fig. 316 is of a very large size, and was found by Oren Pomeroy 
in the vicinity of Chaumont bay. As it was evidently broken 
before being worked, it was probably the cherished trophy of some 
big bear fight. The base is indented and the perforation large. It 
is carefully worked all over, and every fracture is neatly smoothed 
off. 

Those grooved for suspension show more variety, and yet require 
but little illustration. Fig. 283 is a tooth both grooved and much 
out down. It has been split since it was formed, and is in the Vail 
collection. Fig. 288 is simply grooved, and is from Rice's woods in 
Montgomery county. They seem most abundant on recent sites. 

Fig. 287 introduces us to a very interesting class of bears teeth. 
It was found by Dr Hinsdale on the Christopher site, and is merely 
out off at the base, presenting a flat surface there. This site was 
probably occupied in the 16th century. Fig. 289 is unique, having 
a piece neatly cut out of the point, leaving it very sharp. This 
w T as found in 1899, on the north side of the river at Brewerton, and 
is in the Waterbury collection. Much of the surface has been 
ground and polished. 

Passing from these, we come to the distinct class mentioned, 
where the base is sharply cut away nearly or quite half way to the 
point, exposing the cavity of the tooth. Fig. 113 is a good 
example, and was found by Dr Hinsdale at Brewerton, in or close 
to the grave where the walrus tusk implement was obtained. It 
was probably of a later date than that. Four large teeth and one 
smaller were worked alike. Fig. 290 is another of these. Fig. 291 
is from the early fort west of Baldw T insville and north of the river, 
probably occupied in the 16th century. It is in the Bigelow collec- 
tion, and is cut off in a different way. While this form is rare, it 
has been found on an early site in Ohio. 



278 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



A few perforated or grooved teeth may be mentioned. A bear's 
tooth with a groove comes from the Atwell fort, and another with 
a narrow groove from lot 27, Pompey. One perforated at both 
ends is from Jefferson county, and thence comes another with the 
base rounded and the tip ground sharp. Another perforated exam- 
ple is from the neighborhood of Waterburg in Tompkins county. 
A large one is from Rice's woods. Mr Bigelow has a fine one from 
the fort of 1696, and a perforated deer's tooth from a fort near 
Bald win sville. Raymond Dann has many from a site near Hone- 
oye Falls. A perforated elk's tooth is from Munnsville, and another 
is in the Yail collection. 

In the Hildburgh cabinet are good examples of all the forms 
mentioned. One is a good specimen of those of the bear cut off 
near the center, and is from a recent site a mile north of Lima Y. 
This would bring them into the historic period, but most seem a 
little earlier. Three fine and grooved bears teeth are from a recent 
site at Oneida Valley, and several perforated ones are from West 
Bloomfield. With these were perforated elks teeth. 

Ornamental forms of bone 

Unless some of the articles called awls were used for decorative 
purposes, bone and horn were but little employed in adorning the 
person. A few things have an ornamental character, but they are 
so few that they will not detain us long, as beads and pendants have 
already had attention and bone combs will be treated separately. 

Fig. 105 is a fragment found by Dr Hinsdale on the Christopher 
site. The broader part is ornamented with long rectangles engraved 
in the bone, and the narrower portion with notches in the edges. 
It may have been a comb, but more probably was the handle of 
some implement. Fig. 106 is unique, and seems the upper part of 
a pin or awl. It ends with the head of a fish bent a little out of 
the plane of the handle, and below this is a broad band encircling 
the handle. It was found by the writer on the fort site before 
mentioned as west of Baldwinsville. 

Fig. 150 belongs to Col. W. B. Camp of Sacketts Harbor, and was 
found on a point east of that place. There are four human heads 
at the top, and there is a deep cut at the base as though for the 
insertion of some instrument. The general character is that of 



IloKN AND BONE [MPLEMENTS 



279 



recent work. Fig. L51 is a curiously carved article from the 
Nichols pond fort. It is hollow and flat, being but f of an inch 
thick. The two hollows within are not connected. On the reverse 
and toward the point are three parallel elliptic openings into one 
cavity. By these it might have been attached to the apparel, or a 
Wade might have been inserted in the broad opening at the other 
end. The reverse is quite flat. As this fort is identified with 
Champlain's expedition of 1615, there is a definite age for this 
carved bone. In some respects it resembles Eskimo bone handles, 
and probably was made with metallic tools. 

Fig. 155 is from the Otstungo site and in the Frey collection, 
and may be compared with fig. 151. It has an owl face and elliptic 
openings on each side, and was probably a handle. Fig. 154 is 
also in the Frey collection, and is from a figure made by him. His 
description is brief : " A piece of antler decorated ; cutting evi- 
dently done with a flint knife. Found at Garoga, August 1889, by 
S..L. Frey." The edges of the terminal opening are scalloped, and 
the straight grooves are variously arranged. The elliptic grooves 
are a novelty at so early a date, and with the tools probably used. 
It may have been a handle, but the ultimate design may have been 
a pipe. It is certainly fine. 

Fig. 153 is one of three articles found at Union Springs, and is 
the smallest of the lot. The points of all are cut off. The longest 
is 4 inches in length, an inch broad at the top and partly scalloped 
there. Another is 3-J inches long, as wide as the last and with mar- 
ginal dots. All are of thin horn, cylindric and hollow. This one 
is abruptly compressed toward the point, and has short marginal 
cuts at the broad end. The general form of all approaches a cone. 
In John Murdoch's Ethnological results of the Point Barrow 
expedition^ p. 189 and 301, are some figures resembling these, but 
with well defined teeth of some length. They were called combs 
for deerskins. These could not have been used in that way, and 
more probably may have held charges of powder. 

Fig. 157 is the broken, ornamented head of a pin or awl 
found on a fort site west of Baldwinsville, and now held by the 
writer. The reverse is a little differently carved. Fig. 310 is a 
broken article, apparently made from a moose antler. The form 



280 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



may have been obtusely elliptic with broad notches or points at the 

ends. Dr Amidon found this in a refuse pit near St Lawrence 

village, and thus described it : 

Part of a gorget, or some other article of adornment, made from 
— I should say — moose or caribou antler,, because of its great 
breadth and flatness. Probably double-ended, i. e. symmetrical. 
Found only one end. On the back are two holes for suspension by 
a thong. The front is traversed by transverse lines, between which 
are decorations of a cuneiform character. 

The two holes may have terminated in the interior cavity, as they 
converge, but may possibly have passed through to the frontal sur- 
face. It probably lacks but little of the original length and breadth, 
judging from the surface curves. The arrowheaded marks are pecu- 
liar, and in four rows. Another might have been expected, but 
there are no signs of this. The interior is now cellular, without 
signs of work. The general style is somewhat recent. 

One class of grim ornaments has left some examples. The New 
England Indians were at first credited with taking the heads or 
hands of their enemies as trophies. The Neutrals of Canada gloried 
in the number of human heads they had taken. This may be= 
understood literally or may refer to the scalps which they removed 
from the heads. However this may be, ornaments made from 
human skulls are sometimes found in New York. Fig. 141 is one 
of the best examples now known, and was in the Twining collection. 
It came from Rutland in Jefferson county, is nicely worked around 
the edges, and has nine perforations. Fig. 148 is a fragment found 
in Pompey. There are two perforations remaining, and part of a 
third. It is flat and thin. Fig. 149 is a perforated pendant of bone 
from Hemlock lake, Livingston co. N. Y. A photograph of this 
was furnished by Dr T. B. Stewart of Lock Haven Pa. The bone 
is much curved, and the figure suggests part of a skull. 

Fig. 201 is also of a doubtful nature. It is a small oboval bone 
gorget, with one large and two small holes, and is slightly concave. 
It is a recent article from East Bloomfield, owned by Irving 
Coats. Fig. 202 is in the Yail collection, and comes from the recent 
fort near Pompey Center. It is a grooved, cut and perforated 
piece of human skull. A grooved fragment was found with this. 
Fig. 303 is a thick, flat and curved bone. The writer does not 



HORN AND BONK IMPLEMENTS 



281 



remember whether it is a piece of a skull, as is probable. There is 
one very large perforation, and part of another intersected by one 
worked edge, showing that it was at first a larger ornament, which 
was broken and recut. The two worked edges are curved. This is 
black and light brown in color, and from the Atwell fort. 

Fig. 333 is part of a perforated skull found by Dr Amidon in 
J eff erson county. It was evidently much larger, but a small part 
of the original curved and polished margin now remaining. There 
are now two holes, the one farthest from the curved margin probably 
being near the original center. In the plate the fragment is much 
reduced, the full length being 2f inches. Dr Getman has similar 
articles, one having an ornamented edge and several perforations. 

Mr Twining reported some articles from the old Tamblin farm, 
in the town of Rutland, Jefferson co. and among these " an amulet, 
some 5 inches in diameter, drilled with seven holes, and cut from a 
human skull. The holes were undoubtedly made on the head of a 
living subject, judging from the appearance of the openings." He 
furnished the sketch for fig. 141, also from Rutland, but that is 
smaller and has more perforations. At another place in that 
county he found " two circular amulets with holes therein, from 
human skulls." 

In the Brewerton cemetery Dr Hinsdale obtained a flat piece of 
bone, sawed so as to have six edges. The extreme length was 2f 
inches. In this was a large circular perforation, f of an inch across. 
The ultimate design can only be surmised. 

A very curious long skull was found in Cayuga county a few 
years ago, which was circularly perforated in an upper angle of the 
forehead, but not by drilling. The proportions were very remark- 
able, being 8 by 4-| inches, and caused by pressure. The interior 
ends were rather smooth, and the sides strongly corrugated. 

Among human bones may be mentioned a much flattened tibia, 
found in the grave with the walrus tusk implements at Brewerton 
by Dr Hinsdale. It is 8f inches long, 1J inches wide in the center 
and }^ of an inch thick, which is a moderate form of platycnemism. 
Most of the bones in this grave were decayed. Fig. 336 is another 
human bone from the same place, which is worked at one end and 
the natural groove deepened. This is reduced. 



282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 

J. S. Twining furnished the writer with several outlines of carved 
bone articles from Jefferson county, but the details were too few for 
reproduction here. Henry AVoodworth, of East Watertown, has 
worked and perforated pieces of human skulls in his fine collection, 
and many of his bone articles have ornamental lines. Unfortunately 
he would allow no drawings to be made. 

Fig. Ill appears to be a bone pendant, and was found near 
Munnsville. Provision for suspension has been made, and the point 
has been cleft. Fig. 85. is an open and ornamented bone, pointed 
like an awl, but possibly an ornament for the ear or nose. It comes 
from Buffalo. 

Fig. 63 and 64 represent a type of bone articles from some parts 
of Jefferson county, which has been reported nowhere else. They 
are of various sizes, like a canoe paddle in outline, and with a knob 
at the top. Sometimes they are ornamented with engraved lines, 
The writer has seen them only in the Twining and Woodworth col- 
lections, and they seem purely local. Since writing this he has 
examined a line one found in the summer of 1901 by Mr Pomeroy, 
at Storrs Harbor, Jefferson co. It is flat and thin, and 5 inches 
long. At the same place Mr Pomeroy got a line clay pipe bowl, 
with a human face before and behind. 

Fig. 130 may have been intended for an ornament, possibly a 
pendant. It is perforated for suspension, and compressed at that 
end, but was probably used for receiving charges of powder. It is 
recent of course, and was found in Fleming. The material is horn, 
and is quite thin. 

Fig. 56 may properly be called a bone pin, having a thin and 
flat head, and a point which is moderately sharp for so thick an 
article. The diameter is but half as much the other way. Bone 
pins with distinct heads are very rare, though one example may 
have been already noticed. Dr Hinsdale found the one here 
described at Brewerton. 

Fig. 278 is reduced from Schoolcraft's great work on the North 
American Indians, and shows a long and slender pin of polished 
bone, found in 1835, in excavating at Fort Niagara N. Y. It is 
10 J inches long, -J of an inch thick, and is somewhat curved. The 
head is bifurcated, and has two short hooks on each side. He 



HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 



called it an awl, for which it is unnecessarily long and slender, and 
there can he little doubt that this fragile and well preserved article 
was an ornamental pin. 

Bone images and masks 

Artistic results in bone carving could hardly be expected before 
the Lndians had metallic tools. So, when a well worked face or 
head appears, it is natural to infer the use of these, even on what 
seem prehistoric sites. Fig. 177 is a finely made bone face, with 
a narrow and rudely worked projection beneath. On each side are 
half circular notches where the ears should be, and there is a partly 
drilled hole in the back. This is interesting from its age, being 
from the early Cayadutta site, where but one recent metallic object 
lias been reported. It is probably not far from 300 years old, and 
is in the Richmond collection. The work suggests the use of metal- 
lic tools. 

Fig. 156 is in S. L. Frey's fine local collection, and came from 
the Otstungo fort, always classed as prehistoric by working anti- 
quarians, though Mr Squier w T as told that European articles had 
been found there. It is a w^ell carved bone head, and the helmet- 
like headdress and possible moustache suggest some knowledge of 
Europeans. Some other articles from this site hint at the same 
thing. If made with stone tools, it is certainly very remarkable. 

Fig. 152 is a well wrought bone head from the Onondaga fort of 
1696, and was probably made with European tools. It is in the 
Bigelow collection, and was worn as a bead, there being a single 
large perforation from top to bottom. Usually there are more per- 
forations in such objects, to insure the face's turning outward. For 
this purpose there are three small holes for suspension in fig. 175, 
which is in the Hildburgh collection. It is a small and neat bone 
mask, with a projection above and below. This is from a recent 
site at West Bloomfield, and is much like some stone ornaments of 
about the same age. 

The remaining figures of this class are full length bone images. 
Fig. 169 is from Iloneoye Falls, and is in the Dann collection. It 
is a large, flat human image of bone or horn, unpolished and 
unbroken. It has much the character of the bone combs so frequent 
there, but seems complete in itself. Fig. 170 is a bone image of a 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



small child, smoothly carved. It is from the Mohawk valley, and 
in the Richmond collection. 

Fig. 171-73 are from drawings of three bone images in the state 
museum, made by R. A. Grider, and much like Canadian examples. 
All come from West Bloom field, and are light brown in color. 
Fig. 176 is the largest bone image yet found here. It was found in 
a grave of an adult and a child, which contained bone beads and 
some copper wire, and belongs to S. W. Morse of Willow Point 
!N". Y. The back is much weathered, and there are longitudinal 
cracks. There is a prominent headdress, probably representing the 
symbolic horns of an Indian chief. 

A finely carved head, terminating a piece of deer horn, comes 
from an Indian site at East Aurora. It is of very recent character. 
In the deep ashes of a fireplace in the Genesee valley, a beautifully 
carved Chinese head of ivory was found, which must have come 
there in the way of Indian trade. Prof. G. H. Perkins of Burling- 
ton Yt. has a fine bone mask from the northern Yermont line,, 
closely resembling some small stone masks of New York. All such 
articles are of recent date. 

Bone combs 

The Indian use of bone combs seems not very old, and yet is 
prehistoric in a sense. Most of those found are of the 17th cen- 
tury, but some seem a few years earlier, suggesting a knowledge of 
Europeans without direct contact. The early ones are very simple 
in design, and with few but strong and large teeth. They are 
almost entirely confined to Iroquois sites, or those classed with them. 
Out of a large number a few forms are given here of both periods. 
All those in Jefferson county, and a very few elsewhere, may be 
called prehistoric. 

Fig. 186 is one of these early forms from Jefferson county. It 
has scalloped edges and some elliptic perforations, and the four 
large teeth are all broken. Fig. 187 is from a drawing furnished 
by Mr Frey. The type is early, though from a recent Mohawk 
grave. There are bu»t four teeth, and the upper part of the comb is 
highly ornamented. The article is perfect and fine. Fig. 196 is 
from an early Onondaga fort of the historic period, on lot 100, 
Pompey. Three teeth remain, but another seems to have been 



HORN AM) BONE [IMPLEMENTS 



285 



broken off while in use, as the fracture lias been ground down, leav- 
ing only the notch. There is a large perforation near the top, 
opposite which is a sharp notch on either side. There is no dis- 
tinct ornamentation. Fig. 19$ is a fine broken comb from Hem- 
lock lake, Livingston co. N. Y., and belongs to Dr Stewart of 
Lock Haven Pa. One of the large and long teeth has been broken 
off. In the small upper part there is a large circular central per- 
foration. Fig. 199 is from the At well fort. This also has three 
teeth, and there is an elliptic perforation near the top, with grooved 
lines. Fig. 200 is from the same site and in the Burr collection. 
There are four teeth and 11 perforations. Both these are of the 
simple early forms. There are good examples of these in the 
"Wood worth collection. Fragments of some plain combs have been 
found at the Lawrence fort near Pompey Center. In the Rich- 
mond collection are some rude perforated and imperforated plain 
combs, but their width and the number of teeth at once show their 
recent date. 

A plain, broken and double comb has been ascribed to the Atwell 
fort, The location is probably erroneous, as it has many teeth, and 
its general character is too recent for that place. It certainly was 
made with metallic tools. In the state collection is a large bone 
comb from Genesee county, which has three teeth and is 8-J inches 
long. It has a human figure in the upper part, but the general type 
is early. There are lines and openings about this figure, and above 
and along one margin are small circular perforations. 

The figures which follow are of the historic period, and are 
mostly symmetric. Fig. 180 has two men facing each other in 
combat, and is perfect. It is broadest at the top, where the corners 
are neatly rounded. This is from Scipioville, Cayuga co. The 
Cayuga specimens were found by "W. "W. Adams, but have gone 
into several collections. Another of these has two serpents in a 
similar position. 

Fig. 181 is unsymmetric, and the teeth are mostly gone. It is 
from Honeoye Falls and in the Dann collection. A bird faces a 
man, and is of about the same hight. The bird's bill was probably 
joined to the man's shoulder. Fig. 182 is also unsymmetric, and 
was found at Rice's woods. It has a lizard above, the long tail 



286 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



hanging down one side. Below this are lines in various directions. 
But two of the teeth are broken. They are many and short. 

Fig. 183 is from a grave at Rochester Junction, aud belongs to 
C. F. Moseley of Bergen ]ST. Y. It is perfect, and two birds form 
the upper part, their long bills meeting. Fig. 184 is a fine comb 
from the McClure site in Hopewell K. Y. Most of the teeth are 
broken, but the upper part is entire. This has a perforation in one 
upper corner, and there are several figures scratched on the smooth 
and broad surface. It may have been unfinished. It was found in 
1890. Fig. 185' is unsymmetric and large. A man behind a horse, 
and one on it form the principal design. This was found in a young 
woman's grave in one of the Seneca villages burned in 1687, at 
Boughton hill near Victor N. Y., by Dr A. L. Benedict of Buffalo. 
The teeth spread, and nearly half are gone. The skeleton in this 
grave was of a person about 18 years old, and was buried in a 
reversed position, the head down and feet above. In the graves 
were a brass kettle, traces of a basket, about 12 feet of French glass 
beads of several colors, 20 feet of red glass beads, about 35 feet of 
council wampum arranged for a belt of five or six rows, and seven 
long shell beads. Besides the comb, there was also the skeleton of 
a turtle. 

Fig. 189 shows a bear at the top of a large comb, and is in the 
Dann collection. The teeth are badly broken. Fig. 190 is a recent, 
fine Mohawk comb in the Richmond collection. There is a large 
arched opening above, and this and the outer edges are notched. 
Fig. 191 is a long, rectangular and flat bone in the same collection. 
It has a circular perforation at one end, and regular notches at the 
other. Mr Richmond thought this a pottery .marker, but pottery 
has no even and regular lines, and it was probably begun for a 
comb. 

Fig. 192 is a fine comb with about half the teeth remaining. 
Two turkeys, separated by a central post, have a circular ornament 
above their heads. This is from Fleming, Cayuga co. Fig. 197 is 
of a similar character and from the same place. Two partridges are 
fighting. Usually the space below is plain ; in this case lines are 
regularly arranged in various directions. Fig. 337 is the longest 
comb which has met the writer's eye. It is slightly broken in 



MOWN AND WON!'. IMPLEMENTS 



2S7 



places, but the defects are not serious. Two quadrupeds — proba- 
bly wolves — are rampant, and their upturned mouths hold a ser- 
pent's head. The short, plain space beneath them has a horizontal 
line of circular perforations, and the teeth are nearly perfect. This 
verv line comb is from Iloneoye Falls, and in the Hildburgh collec- 
tion. The length is 10J inches, and the teeth are If inches long. 
It is much reduced in the plate. The owner kindly furnished blue 
prints of his relics. In Mr Hildburgh' s collection are three other 
good examples, all somewhat broken, and all from the same site as 
the last. One has a man standing behind and probably laying hold 
of a rampant animal whose head is gone. One has two bears ram- 
pant, and in this only the teeth of the comb are missing. Another 
has an animal standing with the head turned back over the shoulder. 
The teeth and tail of this are broken. 

A few others may be mentioned. The writer found a broken 
one at the recent site overlooking Wagners hollow in Montgomery 
county. It had teeth at both ends and two perforations. This was 
in 1889. On the same spot he found a thin, flat bone, nearly square 
and well dressed, the front and edges being smooth. It was 2-J- by 
2 inches. Slight cuttings had been made at one end, preparatory to 
forming a comb. On the same spot were copper saws used in this 
work. A straight piece of sheet copper was selected, and fine teeth 
were cut in this with a file, making a serviceable implement. 

In the Richmond collection is an unfinished comb from Rice's 
woods, which has a central perforation, short teeth at the broad end, 
and three notches at the narrow. 

In the Dann collection are a number of combs, and among them 
is an unfinished one of much interest. The teeth have been finished 
and afterward broken, and the full outline has been formed. There 
are two excavations and some lines. The unfinished design seems 
to have been that of two turkeys with raised heads. It is interest- 
ing as showing that these were actually made in Iroquois villages of 
the last half of the 17th century. Two of these have quadrupeds 
rampant, two on each comb. Another has two birds, and still 
another two bears in the same position. One has a human bust, and 
all are more or less broken. 

It is curious that, w r hile so many have come from the old villages 



'288 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



of the other four nations, not a single specimen has the writer seen 
from an Oneida village, and but one broken specimen from the 
Oneida territory, which is double as regards teeth. They must 
have been used by the Oneidas with the other Iroquois, and probably 
some have been found. It suggests the -danger of rash conclusions 
from negative testimony. What has not been reported or found, 
may have existed and been used. 

Pipes 

It is barely possible, but hardly probable, that pipes of bone and 
horn may sometimes have been used in prehistoric times. These 
materials are combustible in a limited degree, and the burning 
tobacco would certainly have had a new flavor in a bone pipe, while 
the latter would soon have lost form and substance. This difficulty 
was obviated, at a later day, by lining the bowl with a thin sheet of 
metal. The question then arises whether any early article in the 
form of a pipe bowl did not have some other use. But for this 
action of the burning tobacco on the bone, there would be no hesita- 
tion in calling fig. 204 the bowl of a pipe. It is hollow within, and 
has a lateral perforation near the base, just as in pipes of which 
there is no question. For these reasons it is temporarily placed here, 
though its proper position may be with the bone whistles, which it 
resembles in form. It is four-sided, nicely worked, and has a human 
face scratched on one side. In fig. 203 the lateral perforation is 
near the broad end, and the larger cavity goes through the bone. 
No one will hesitate to call this a whistle or tube, though so near 
the last in appearance. The one before described is from the 
At well fort; this is from the Christopher site. 

It has been suggested that fig. 154 may have been designed for a 
pipe but not completed, and this would be the writer's opinion but 
for this manifest difficulty in early use. In the state museum, how- 
ever, is a bone pipe procured by Mrs H. M. Converse in Canada. 
The Indians there considered it an antique, but it clearly is a modern 
form. The metallic lining has disappeared, and it seems to have 
been used after this. The spiral grooves which held the metal in 
place still appear. On the top of the stem are nine crosses which 
were made by one hand, and are not mnemonic. It is a rare 
article, however, even in a modern form. 



HORN AND BONE [MPLEMENTS 



289 



Fig. 159 is a very line example of a pipe made from a large antler, 
winch belongs to the writer, and which is probably a little over a 
century old. It retains the metallic lining in the bowl, without 
which no pipe of this material could be used. Its history is a little 
obscure, but it belonged to an early Onondaga pioneer, and was 
probably made by an Indian of that county. All the prongs but 
the basal have been cut off, and the bowl is in the cavity between 
that and the main branch. The carved lines have been filled with 
red or blue paint, and the holes and some other parts are edged with 
red. There are numerous perforations, as may be seen. The antler 
was split from the tip down to the bowl, and the unpolished side 
painted with Indian red. The stem is made of some light wood, 
with five encircling bosses, inserted in the stem hole at one end, and 
tied with buckskin near the other. This is about 14i inches long, 
the figure being one half the actual dimensions each way. The 
chord of the arc of the antler as it is, is 11-J- inches. The antler was 
an extremely large one of the Yirginia deer. It is a very fine 
article, and probably absolutely unique. 

For the reasons given, bone and horn pipes are among the rarest 
of Indian articles. That they might have been used 250 years ago 
is not impossible, but probably all made 150 years ago could be 
counted on one's fingers. There is probably not one existing for 
which a date so early can be verified. In speaking of one in the 
Toronto collection, Mr Boyle said : " Pendants and even pipes were 
made from bone. The last class of bone objects, it should be said, 
is very seldom seen. Only one has come into our possession so far, 
and it may have been a makeshift." Boyle, p. 76. This is a hol- 
low bone, about 2J inches long, with a central perforation in the 
side. 

Chisels and gouges 

Fig. 13 is a small bone chisel, the locality of which is not certain. 
It probably came from the Atwell or the Nichols pond site. It is 
-sharpened at the broad end and was in the Ledyard collection. 
Fig. 94 is a bone chisel from the Mohawk valley, and is in the 
Richmond collection. It is thick and broad, and is sharpened at 
both ends. Fig. 93 is like a chisel in general form, but the ends 



290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 

are not sharp. It is well worked and nearly square in section. 
This is in the Waterbury collection at Brewerton. 

Fig. 340 is a long bone gouge from the Atwell fort. A little of 
the top and most of the base are gone, but it is still 7f inches long, 
being much reduced in the plate. There was probably a point at 
the top, as well as a cutting edge at the broad end. Fig. 86 is a 
long and curved bone implement, naturally grooved, but having a 
perforation at the flat end. It is but slightly worked, but may have 
been intended for a gouge. It was found by Dr Hinsdale at Brew- 
erton. Fig. 267 was also found by him at the same place, one 
piece being obtained by him in 1897, and the other the following 
year. It is made from a walrus tusk, and another implement was 
found of the same material, which also occurs north of Lake Ontario 
and the St Lawrence. The gouge is rather rude. 

A figure should have been given of a broad bone gouge found by 
Mr Frey in the graves at Palatine Bridge, and figured and described 
by him. It is inches long and 2 inches broad, and is unusually 
fine. 

Arrowheads 

It is the custom to call hollow bone or horn points arrowheads, 
and they would have served this purpose very well by fitting the 
shaft into the cavity. Such articles are widely distributed, but 
nowhere abundant, and could have been used in this way only in 
exceptional cases. This may be qualified by saying that, if lost in 
the woods, they would not be preserved, and, however plentiful 
they might once have been, they would not endure like those of 
stone. The probability is however that as well finished articles they 
were little used. 

This is not the only form of bone or horn arrowhead. Occa- 
sionally we find those made for insertion in the shaft, but these are 
much rarer than the form just mentioned. Very few have been 
found. Early writers on America testify to the frequent use of 
bone, and it is very likely that some things, naturally sharp, were 
used with little preparation. A merely splintered bone at close 
range would be very effective. A better point would be needed for 
a long shot. 

In the General historie of Virgi?iia, by Capt. John Smith, it is 



HORN AND BONE [MPLEMENTS 



291 



said, "Their hookes are either a bone, grated as they noch their 
arroweSj in the forme of a crooked pinne or fish-hooke, or of the 
splinter of a bone tyed to the clift of a little sticke, and with the 
end of the line they tie on the bait. They vse also long arrowes 
tyed in a line, wherewith they shoote at lish in the rivers. But 
they of Accawmack vse staues like vnto Iauelins headed with 
bone. With these they dart fish swimming in the water." Smith, 
p. 31 

Here we are to understand that the long arrow, used in fishing, 
had a line attached to prevent its loss, while some Indians used a 
longer and stronger handle, requiring no such precaution. 

At a later day John Josselyn said much the same in his Account 
of two voyages to New England. Some fish the Indians took in 
the harbors, " striking them with a fisgig, a kind of dart or staff, to 
the lower end whereof they fasten a sharp jagged bone (since they 
make them of Iron) with a string fast to it, as soon as the fish is 
struck they pull away the staff, leaving the bony head in the fishes 
body, and fastening the other end of the string to the CanowP . 
Josselyn, p. 140 

The account suggests the barbed and perforated Iroquois harpoon. 

Before considering the many types of the barbed bone harpoon, 
a few examples may be given of the simpler arrowhead. 

Fig. 12 is a good example of the hollow bone point, found by Dr 
Getman at Perch river in 1899. This is nicely ground and sharp. 
Fig. 14 is a much larger size, and is of partly polished horn. Like 
the last, it is nearly cylindric. It was found by Dr Hinsdale at 
Brewerton. Fig. 22 has been noticed, but some consider this type 
as arrow points. This is not the writer's opinion. 

Fig. 77 is a rare form from the McClure site, Hopewell. It is a 
triangular bone arrow, with indented base and broken point. The 
compression of the base serves a double purpose, to sharpen the 
barbs and affix the shaft. Fig. 78 is from Oneida Valley, and is in 
the Hildburgh collection. It is thickest in the center, and is not a 
frequent form. Fig. 79 may be provisionally placed in this general 
class, since it is hollow and pointed, but the large perforations add 
new features. These are not opposite, nor is the base cut straight 
across as in the arrowheads. Its size is another thing, and it may 



292 



XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



have been intended for a dagger or spear. It is from the Minden 
or Otstungo fort and is of horn. Fig. 108 is another fine example, 
smaller, but having much the same character. The base is neatly 
cut across, but is now gougeiike on one side. The implement is of 
hollow horn, quite sharp, and perforated from side to side. It is 
not highly polished, and the natural grooves remain at the base. 
This was found at Brewerton by Dr Hinsdale. 

Fig. 304 is a broken and triangular arrow, much like those of 
flint. It is perforated in the center, has an indented base, and is 
irregularly worked. Of course it is not hollow. This is from the 
Atwell fort, and in the Burr collection. Fig. 311 is a horn arrow 
point, hollow and chipped, and with an indented base. It is in Dr 
Amidon's collection. Fig. 314 is in the same cabinet, and is also 
hollow and chipped, but of small size. The base is indented, and 
the figure might pass for one of flint. Fig. 318 also belongs to 
Dr Amidon. It is triangular, and both the long edges are sharp. 
On the reverse it is concave. Dr Getman found a flat and triangu- 
lar bone arrowhead on the St Lawrence site, Sep. 21, 1901. It is 
If inches long and has an angularly shouldered base. 

Fig. 323 is a fine hollow, cylindric horn arrow, sharp and polished. 
It is from an early site near Clifton Springs, and is in the Coats 
collection. Fig. 345 is a notched horn arrow from Eice's woods. 
It is rounded, not hollow, and the point is a little bent and obtuse. 
Most of these arrowheads are of horn. 

Fig. 73 is probably a flat bone arrow, of a long, pyriform outline 
and indented at the base. It is grooved on one surface and merely 
notched on the other. This polished article was found in the ashes 
on the Kaneenda site, on the Onondaga inlet. In the Waterbury 
collection is a hollow bone arrowhead, If inches long. There is 
another of these from Clifton Springs, in the Coats collection, and 
Dr Amidon has a fine one 2^- inches long. 

W. L. Calver reported one of these at Cold Spring, Putnam co., 
and 20 others from a grave on Staten Island in 1895. He also had 
a hollow horn arrow from a shell heap at Spuyten Duyvil creek. 
Similar forms are found abroad. 

A bone arrowhead from Hochelaga, at Montreal, is figured by 
Sir J. W. Dawson in ^Fossil men, p. 135, which closely resembles 



HORN AND HONK I MP I .KM ENTS 



293 



the one in the Hildburgh collection. As Ilochelag?., was an Iroquois 
village less than 400 years ago, its articles closely correspond with 
those of New York. 

Harpoons 

Few early articles of bone or horn were more widely used than 
harpoons of various forms. Dr Charles Ran ably discussed and 
illustrated these in his Prehistoric fishing. One remark of his 
made as late as 1884 may well be quoted here, to show how import- 
ant have been the acquisitions of the last few years. One barbed 
hook only had been reported then ; now we have many, and the 
gain in harpoons has been yet more surprising, for most of these 
are older. Dr Rau said : 

Considering that bone, on account of its toughness, was an excel- 
lent material for pointing fishing darts, the comparatively small 
number of old bone heads thus far discovered in the United States 
would be surprising, if their scarcity could not be accounted for by 
their frequent loss in the water. Rau, p. 142 

That they were lost in this wayis certain, for they are sometimes 
found in the water now, but their destruction by small animals and 
their rapid decay when away from preservative materials may be 
more important factors. That more had not then been found was 
also partially due to imperfect modes of search. Dr Stewart of 
Lock Haven Pa., in a letter to the writer says of a harpoon found 
near the Susquehanna river, "It is the only point of bone found in 
this valley to my knowledge." Yet there are earthworks and vil- 
lage sites in Pennsylvania where the spade might be exnected to 
reveal many. This is a matter to be tested. 

Out of 28 bone harpoons figured by Dr Rau from the United States, 

16 were from New York, and five from Onondaga county. Several 

came from the northwest coast. A. G. Richmond in a letter to the 

writer under date of Nov. 8, 1897, observed : 

I think Dr Hinsdale is doing remarkably. He has an immense 
number of things in the way of harpoons ; the most I ever saw any- 
where. I thought I was rich in the harpoon business, but he cer- 
tainly goes away ahead of me. His are entirely different from mine. 
3Iine are the one-sided ones, one, two and three barbs, all quite large ; 
about 7 or 8 inches long and 1 inch wide. We don't seem to find 
the double-barbed pieces here. There is one place at Wagner's hol- 
low, where I took yon, where a great many of those large, flat har- 
poons are found. Some of them are broken, but mine are quite 
perfect and very good indeed. 



294 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



The site mentioned is a recent one, and the form is that generally 
used by all the Iroquois in the 17th century. Dr Hinsdale's were 
mostly earlier forms, collected at two places, though he had them from 
other sites. A. H. Waterbury was equally successful in collecting at 
Brewerton. From these and other sources the writer has selected 
many fine, unique forms, much regretting the neglect of others. 

Most European harpoons have larger barbs than those in America, 
and the Alaskan and Eskimo harpoons are perforated, like many 
recent Iroquois specimens. One from a mound in Manitoba has 
barbs only on one side. Eastern forms are found more or less in 
the western states, but those of -California are more like those of 
Europe. Till very recently most of our bone articles were from 
California, a fact apparent in the national museum. The Toronto 
collection is much like that of New York, and the harpoons are the 
same. Harpoons seem rare in Ohio, but are found on the Madison- 
ville site, which so closely resembles those of the early Iroquois. 
Its earthenware, however, differs greatly from that of New- York. 
Bone implements are rare in New England, except in the shell heaps 
of the coast, but some double barbed harpoons have been found on 
Lake Champlain. 

In New York bone harpoons are most abundant where the early 
and later Iroquois lived. Few have been reported west of the 
Genesee river, and along the Susquehanna and Delaware they seem 
unknown. The Hudson river and Long Island seem as barren. 
Dr D. S. Kellogg says that on Lake Champlain, " bone awls, 
punches and harpoons are found only in connection with broken 
animal bones and other remains in some of the fireplaces." These 
are in the early Iroquois territory, and thus the bone harpoon here 
seems limited to the drainage of the St Lawrence. Farther explora- 
tions may be expected to extend the area. In point of time it is 
both an early and recent article, with indications of continuity of 
use over but a brief period. At one time it seemed probable that 
those with double lines of barbs were much earlier than the larger 
forms, but both have now been frequently found on sites not four 
centuries old. 

In the following descriptions harpoons will not be classified farther 
than the natural division of barbs on one or both sides. Both have 



HORN AND HOXM IMPLEMENTS 



295 



been found on the same sites and in the same graves. This is the 
ease in Europe. Among the harpoons of the lake dwellers in 
Switzerland are those barbed on one and both sides. A Scandinavian 
specimen has barbs on but one. In New York, as a rule, this is a 
recent form when of a large size. 

Fig. 234 is in the Bigelow collection, and is from a grave at Jack 
Reef on the Seneca river. In this were stone implements, two jaw- 
bones of dogs, and a flattened cylindric bone implement. There 
were also several double barbed ones. Fig. 238 is from the Rich- 
mond collection, and is a large and broad harpoon, with a, central 
perforation and but one barb. Its striking feature is a series of 
short incisions at the base. Mr Richmond thought these were for 
marking pottery, but thongs of sinew might have been passed 
through them for attachment to the staff. 

Fig. 239 differs widely from the last, and is in the Bigelow collec- 
tion. There are nine large barbs on one side, and none on the 
other. The edges are nearly parallel and the barbs long. It came 
from the bank of Seneca river, north of . Weedsport, and is dark 
brown, like most articles from that place. While generally well 
preserved, it is cellular on the reverse side. Fig. 242 is in the same 
collection and of much the same hue. It is from a recent fort 
partly on lot 8, Fabius, and is much curved the other way. There 
is but one barb, and no perforation. The lower part is abruptly 
expanded, as in some Seneca harpoons, and the edges are rounded, 
the general surface being flat. The barb is sharp and long. 

Fig. 243 is a large and curious harpoon, much like a broad knife 
in outline. In one edge near the base is a large rounded notch, 
with a perforation lower down. The barb is so far from the point 
that it may be a knife, or at least have had a double use. It is from 
. the north side of the river at Brewerton. Fig. 244 is of a very differ- 
ent character, and is in the Bigelow collection. It was found on 
Howland island in the Seneca river, and is triangular in section and 
highly polished. There are five barbs on one side, but what should 
be the point is obtuse, while the other end is slender and sharp. Dr 
Rau has an illustration of a slender one-sided harpoon used in 
arctic America, in his fig. 98, and describes its use. He quotes from 
Prof. Nilsson's Primitive inhabitants of Scandinavia ., p. 33 : 



296 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



On the top of a long pole are fastened two tolerably long sharp- 
pointed bones, the tops bent a little outwards and the inner 1 side 
provided with teeth pointing backwards, to hold the fish securely 
when struck. These bones are fastened to the shaft in such a man- 
ner that each, independently of the other, is in some way movable 
inwards and outwards ; their sides are therefore flat at the other 
end, and the inner edge provided with one or more teeth pointing 
forwards, in order to be tied fast, so that they can not be torn away 
by the fish ; and, in order to prevent their being bent too much 
apart, they are tied together by means of a strap at a short distance 
from the handle. 

No long unilateral harpoons have been found here with these 
basal teeth, nor are they as long as those described by Prof. Nilsson. 
He adds that " the bone points, in all 11 inches long, are, to a length 
of 5 inches, fastened to the shaft, and consequently protrude ft 
inches beyond it." It was his opinion, too, that these implements 
were not for spearing fish, but for shooting birds on the wing. 

The Canadian Indians used something similar in early days, 

replacing bone or horn with iron when this could be had. The eel 

fishery was then of large proportions, and the Relation of 1634 

describes the spear used in this : 

This harpoon is an instrument consisting of a long stick, three 
fingers thick, to the end of which they attach a pointed iron, which 
they arm on each side with two little curved rods, which come 
almost together at the end of the iron point ; when they come to 
strike an eel with this harpoon, they pierce it with this iron, the 
two sticks adjoining, yielding through the force of the stroke, and 
allowing the eel to enter ; after this they contract again by them- 
selves, because they were opened merely by the shock of the stroke, 
and prevent the speared eel from escaping. 

The description of spearing eels by night, by Indians in lighted 
canoes, is precisely like that given by travelers in New York a. 
century ago. Le Jeune adds that " some will catch three hundred, 
and many more, in a single night, but very few at other times." 
The French accounts of Ashing at Onondaga lake far exceed this, 
estimate. When they were there in 1655, Father Dablon said 
" some take with a harpoon as much as a thousand in a single 
night ; " but then the size of fish stories is proverbial. 

Fish weirs were quite generally used by the Indians, not essen- 
tially differing from those of the whites. David Zeisberger men- 
tioned six of these between Oneida and Cross lakes in 1753. They 



IIOKN AND BONE I MTLKMKNTS 



297 



were all owned by the Onondagas, though the Oneidas made a 
claim to one or two of them at a later day. In the unpublished 
journal of that year Zeisberger tells us of his going from one to 
another on the Seneca river, Aug. 27. At the eastern one an 
Onondaga chief explained to him how the country was divided. 
He adds : " It is plain to be seen that they have much order in all 
their atfairs. For instance, each one has his own place where he is 
permitted to fish, and no one is allowed to encroach upon his part. 
A chief is appointed to each fishing place, and he has his people 
who belong to him." This was necessarj^ for all parts of a river 
were not suitable for weirs and harpoons. 

Fig. 245 is a harpoon in the national museum in Washington, 
much reduced, and is here taken from fig. 230 of Prehistoric fishing, 
where it is thus described : 

A fine single-barbed harpoon head of elk horn, in an excellent 
state of preservation. It measures nearly 10 inches and a half in 
length, and has a thickness of about half an inch in the middle. 
The broad lower part shows two shoulders, but its base, instead of 
being worked thin, is more than \ of an inch thick. The head, 
nevertheless, may have been detachable. This specimen was pre- 
sented to the national museum, with other valuable relics, by the late 
"W. M. Locke, of Honeoye Falls, Monroe co., K Y. His son, F. M. 
Locke, of Rochester, X. Y. informed me by letter that he had found 
it himself about two miles south of Honeoye, on the old Indian 
reservation called the Ball farm. " It lay on the surface where 
there had been a great many camp fires, and the clayish ground was 
covered with ashes, preserving the spear and other relics that might 
have decayed, had it not been for the ashes and clay." 

Fig. 247 is in the Bigelow collection, and is a rare form from the 

Atwell fort. It has one long barb, and is much expanded above 

the base. It has a high polish, and is obtusely pointed at the base 

also, which is a rare feature. Fig. 249 is in the Frey collection, and 

comes from the Garoga fort in Fulton county. It is remarkable in 

being very slender below the barb, which is long and sharp. Fig. 

250 is a long, curved and curious harpoon found in Cayuga county 

in 1889. There are two barbs on one edge very near the point. 

Fig. 254 is in the Coats collection, and is an early harpoon found 

near Clifton Springs. It is of a brownish hue, and has one long 

and sharp barb. One surface is ridged, and the whole implement 

is well wrought. 



298 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Fig. 259 is a curious example, found by Dr Hinsdale on the north 
side of the river at Brewerton. The general form is that of a broad 
and polished knife, pointed at one end and rounded at the other. 
The edges are rounded. There are two broad barbs on one side, 
and one narrow. The latter is not sharpened like the rest, and is 
formed by a half elliptic notch. The implement is broadest toward 
the point. 

Fig. 268 was found at the mouth of Chittenango creek by Dr 
Hinsdale, and is blackened by lying in the water. It is a small and 
neatly made harpoon, witli two small, dull barbs near the point. It 
is widest in the middle, tapering regularly toward the ends. Fig. 329 
is as large as the last is small, but is much reduced in the plate. The 
length is 7J inches. It is from Rice's woods, and has a large per- 
foration and two long barbs. It is a good example of the later 
Iroquois harpoons. These sufficiently show this class, but a few 
others may be noticed. 

A large broken harpoon, with one barb and perforation, is 
inches long, and comes from the Atwell fort. A recent fine harpoon 
was found on the site of East Cayuga in 1888, by W. W. Adams, 
and has appeared in print. It is stained red, has two barbs on one 
side, and the edges protrude near the base. It is 4J inches long, 
and is shown in fig. 354. In the Richmond collection is a massive 
unfinished harpoon from the Garoga site. It is 6f inches long. In 
the Frey collection is a broken single-barbed harpoon from the 
Otstungo fort. In the Tail collection is one which is unfinished and 
large, being 7f inches long. The notches had been begun. In the 
Waterbury collection is the head of a large unilateral harpoon, with 
one large and prominent barb. The length is conjectural. Dr 
Hinsdale found a curious broken harpoon on the island at Brewer- 
ton, which seems unfinished. The four barbs on one edge are very 
distinct, but their thickness on the outside is about the same as that 
of the whole implement. They have not been sharpened in the 
least. In the Hildburgh collection is one which is rude and broken. 
It is 7 inches long, and has six barbs on one side. 

Fig. 240 in Prehistoric fishing is of a New York harpoon. Dr 
Rau said of this, p. 150 : 



HORN AND BONK I M 1*1. KM V. NTS 



299 



A harpoon head of deeu horn, tolerably well preserved but 
unfortunately broken at the lower extremity. The point and the 
two barbs are carefully finished ; the perforation, sunk in from 
both sides, is of irregular form. A cross-section above it would 
form an elongated ellipse with a shorter axis of nearly half an inch. 
Found by Mr F. II. Cushing in a shell heap in Onondaga county, 
New York. 

Dr Ran goes on to say : 

It probably has been noticed that these pierced dart-heads have 
all unilateral barbs ; those with barbs on both sides, it will be seen, 
are not perforated, but may also, in part at least, have been detach- 
able. Perhaps it is only owing to accident that none of the bilater- 
ally barbed heads at my disposition is perforated. 

This is the writer's experience in the examination of a great num- 
ber of specimens. But one bilateral harpoon has been submitted to 
him with a perforation, and of this he had at first some doubts from 
other unusual features. 

In E. G. Squier's Antiquities of the State of New York, p. 124, 
is mentioned " the point of a fish spear, made of the ulna of the 
deer ; found in Livingston county." This appears to be the har- 
poon which has long been in the state museum, and credited to 
Avon. It is about 5% inches long, has two barbs on one side, and a 
half-circular notch in each edge toward the base. 

A somewhat rare form of harpoon has the ends alike, with barbs 
pointing both ways. The natural thought would be that this pro- 
vided for accidents. If one end were broken the other might be 
used. Another purpose has been suggested, to which this might 
be contributive at least. In Cave hunting, p. Ill, W. Boyd Daw- 
kins figures a double-pointed harpoon from the Yictoria cave, 
Yorkshire, Eng. There are three barbs on each edge, but two of 
these turn one way, and the other in an opposite direction. Of 
this implement Mr Dawkins said : 

. The harpoon is a little more than 3 inches long, with the head 
armed with two barbs on each side, and the base presenting a mode 
of securing attachment to the handle, which has not before been 
discovered in Britain. Instead of a mere projection to catch the 
ligatures by which it was bound to the shaft, there is a well-cut 
barb on either side, pointing in a contrary direction to those which 
form the head. 

But few examples of this form have been found in ]S"ew York, 
and but one has been reported in Canada. Fig. 235 is the smallest 



300 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



which has come to the writer's attention, and this was found by 
Dr Amidon at the St Lawrence site in 1899. Both ends are 
pointed. At one end there are two barbs on one edge, and one on 
the other. At the other end there are three barbs on one edge, and 
two on the other. One edge has thus three barbs, and the other 
five. It is expanded in the middle. Dr Amidon found a larger 
one, on the same site, Sep. 21, 1901. It is 4-J inches long, and has- 
three barbs on each side at one end, and four barbs on each 
side at the other. Thus far they have been reported from two 
places only. 

Fig. 232 has lost both points, and may have been broken quite 
near these. At one end a barb remains on each edge ; at the other 
there are two barbs on one edge, and there is one on the other. 
These are quite sharp. The flat surface is beveled at the edges. 
This is in the Waterbury collection, and was found at Brewerton. 
Fig. 263 was found at Brewerton by Dr Hinsdale, and is a perfect 
specimen, suggesting the use of the more distant barbs for attach- 
ment. At one end the bone forms an expanded angular head, with 
two barbs at some distance from this. The other end may be the 
true or primary point, with several barbs close to it. The upper 
side is mostly the natural surface, but the lower surface has also- 
been smoothed. Fig. 321 is another fine example in the Waterbury 
collection, of which the lower side is here shown. This has been 
smoothed down, but shows the structure of the bone. The barbs 
are less prominent at one end than the other, but equally sharp. 
The larger barbs seem near the primary point. 

Fig. 233 was found on the island at Brewerton by Mr Waterbury 
in 1899. It was with a skeleton. The point is obtuse, and the 
three barbs on each edge are very prominent. The general form is 
flat and broad, with a ridge on one side. Fig. 231 was found with 
fig. 234, and is in the Bigelow collection. It is flat, and beveled at 
the edges. The writer furnished figures of these two and another, 
to Dr Rau. They are fig. 229, 247 and 248 of Prehistoric fishing \ 
and were found in a grave on the Seneca river. Fig. 266 was also 
found in a grave at Jack Beef, on this river. Several were with it, 
which were utilized in husking corn. One long and broken one had 
many barbs on one side. 



BORN AM) BONE EMPLEMENT8 



301 



Fig. 230 is one of many similar examples in the Waterbury col- 
lection. They are usually a little ridged, often broken, and with 
many small and irregular barbs on both sides. Fig. 237 is a rude 
harpoon found on the site near Pompey Center. The barbs are 
mere projections, and of unusual form. Fig. 240 is large for a 
bilateral harpoon, and has three barbs on each edge. It is of horn, 
and the natural hollow is preserved, the edges of this being neatly 
worked down. This was found by Dr Hinsdale on the island at 
Brewer ton. 

Fig. 241 is of unusual form, and was found by Dr Getman near 
Chaumont. It is a thick harpoon head of bone, with a single and 
large barb on each edge. The base is rounded, and the article per- 
fect. Fig. 246 is in the Waterbury collection, and was found by- 
him in 1899. It is nearly flat and very long. Three barbs on each 
edge are very near one end. Fig. 248 is in the same collection, and 
is a fine bone harpoon of unusual form and well preserved. The 
surface is flat and beveled on each side. The slight and sharp barbs, 
are quite far apart, and the point of the harpoon is very keen. 
Fragments of these are found, but few good specimens. 

Fig. 251 was found north of the river at Brewerton by Dr Hins- 
dale. It is very long and flat, with many sharp barbs crowded near 
the point. There are six of these on each edge. It expands from 
the point to the base, which is nearly an inch wide. Across this 
are shallow cuts, as though it had been intended to make the base 
square. Fig. 252 was found by the same person and in the same 
place. It is about the same length as the last, but narrower. The 
barbs are different, and there are four on each edge. The edges of 
both are rounded. 

Fig. 253 is a fine bone harpoon, of unusual form for an Iroquois 
site. It is in the Dann collection at Honeoye Falls. There is a 
single barb on each side, both having a slight indentation half way 
from £he point. From the notch below the barbs there is a grad- 
ual expansion to the rounded base. It is of a flattened form. 
Fig. 255 is a curious little bone harpoon, found by Dr Hinsdale 
on the Christopher site. There are four rounded or obtuse barbs 
on one edge, and five sharper ones on the other. It is a little 
ridged on one surface, j>olished on both, and with an outline much 



302 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



curved. Fig. 256 is a small, pointed implement of horn, from Indian 
Castle in the town of Pompey. Midway on each side are three 
notches, which may have served for barbs, or for attaching this lit- 
tle implement to a handle. Fig. 257 is a bone harpoon found by 
Dr Hinsdale at Brewerton. It has the frequent flat surface, angularly 
beveled down to each edge. The barbs are made by mere sloping 
notches, and may be unfinished. They are serviceable as they are, 
but would be improved for use by cutting from the point of each 
barb to the base of the notch above. The base is broken, but seven 
barbs remain on each side. Fig. 258 was found by Dr Getman at 
the mouth of Perch Biver bay. It is a thick, rounded bone harpoon, 
with three sharp barbs on- one edge. On the other the third barb 
has been broken, and then recut into two smaller ones. The origi- 
nal barbs on that edge are very sharp. 

Fig. 260 is in the Waterbury collection, and is an unusually broad 
form. The figure shows the concave side of the bone. On this 
side it was customary to smooth the edges and grind down the 
point. If the bone was flat, much of the natural surface would be 
left on the other side. This has three sharp barbs on each edge, 
placed well apart. 

Fig. 262 is in the Richmond collection, and is one of the prettiest 
bone harpoons yet found in New York. It came from an early 
site on Farley's point, Cayuga lake, and is polished all over and 
brought to a point at each end. It is very slender, and has six 
barbs on each edge. It is also slightly ridged. Fig. 264 is another 
hone harpoon with crowded barbs, from the Waterbury collection. 
It is moderately flat, but follows the curve of the bone. There are 
seven barbs remaining on one edge, and nine on the other. Frag- 
ments of about this size are frequent. Fig. 265 is in the same col- 
lection, and is well worked. It seems to have been a harpoon cut 
down to make an awl, but may also be supposed to be a harpoon in 
process of formation. The former is most probable. Fig. 277 is a 
bone harpoon found by Dr Hinsdale. The base is broken, but 
three peculiar barbs remain on each side. The point is rounded 
and the work good. 

Fig. 270 is a fine bone harpoon in the Bigelow collection, which 
came from the Christopher site. There is a large barb on each side, 



HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 



and the base is rounded. The shaft is much narrower than the 
barbs. Fig. 308 is a bone harpoon found by Dr Amidon in Jeffer- 
son county. It is a rather flat and long piece of bone, worked on 
the under surface below all the barbs, of which there are four on 
each edge, small but very sharp. On one edge a barb was com- 
menced and broken off. To correspond with this none was attempted 
on the other edge opposite. 

In the Waterbury collection is a large and flat bilateral harpoon 
which has been broken. Some sharp notches make the barbs. All 
the harpoons and most of the bone and horn articles in this collec- 
tion are from Brewerton. Dr Hinsdale found there a horn har- 
poon, much dilated in the center, and with two barbs on each edge. 
It was 4f inches long, with a central width of f of an inch. His 
best harpoons were from Brewerton, but he obtained many broken 
ones from Onondaga lake. The conditions. there were not favorable 
for fine specimens. 

Fig. 320 is a perfect and ridged harpoon, found by Oren Pomeroy 
in the pit at the St Lawrence site. It is worked also on the flat side, 
and there are three barbs on each edge. In the Woodworth collec- 
tion are many of the harpoons of Jefferson county, with barbs on 
one or both sides. A bilateral one ends in a sharp awl at the base, 
which is an unusual feature. Some are indented, and are not strictly 
barbed. Dr Bau's fig. 241 is a harpoon from Ontario county, !NV Y., 
presented to the national museum by Col. E. Jewett, which is 
about 4rJ inches long. He describes it as " a dart head with three 
small barbs on each side, so .placed that they alternate. The upper 
side is rounded ; on the lower one the cavity of the bone reaches 
from the broken lower end to the lowest barb." It is a character- 
istic New York harpoon, few of which he had seen, and he adds in 
his usual cautious way : " I would not venture to say more concern- 
ing the use of this dart head, than that it was probably employed in 
the fish hunt." 2?au, p. 150 

Dr T. B. Stewart sent the writer a good figure of the only har- 
poon of which he knew in the Susquehanna valley in Pennsylvania, 
nor have any been reported from that drainage in New York. It 
was 4 inches long, with sloping linear incisions, as though unfinished, 
and was found in 1898. He wrote that it " is in section triangular, 



304 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



and barbed on two edges ; the other side is smooth. It is well pre- 
served. 3 ' It is not very wide, and the edges are nearly parallel. 

Fig. 269 is in the Bigelow collection and from the Christopher 
site. Its unusual character led to special care in verifying it, and 
the finder was willing to make an affidavit regarding all circum- 
stances. The barbs, if they may be so called, are of unusual form, 
though such have been found in less pronounced examples. They 
are pointed protuberances, having nothing of the usual slant, and 
yet intended to retain the hold obtained. This kind of barb is 
found at Brewerton. There is a perforation near the base, of an 
elliptic form. This is a frequent feature at this site and those of 
corresponding age, in unilateral harpoons and other articles, but not 
belonging to American bilateral harpoons. The material is horn 
and therefore antique. There is no appearance of .alteration 
after it was made. This is frequent where early articles of value 
have been broken, leading to repairs and farther use by the aborig- 
ines. This has the original character, and the work does not differ 
from that of accompanying articles. The evidences of its age have 
been duly weighed and are decidedly in its favor. The surface 
shown is smooth and follows the natural line of the material. The 
other surface is concave and has been a good deal worked. Fig. 352 
is in the same collection, and from the same place. It is a thick uni- 
lateral harpoon with a single barb, and is much weathered. Fig. 355 
is in the Waterbury collection, and has the barbs but slightly devel- 
oped. Others of this variety are found at Brewerton, where broken 
implements often have odd features. Fig. 350 is from the Chris- 
topher site and in the Bigelow collection. The general outline 
suggests a flat and rather thin harpoon, with two obtuse barbs on 
one side and two on the other. It is sharpened to a broad edge at 
the point. 

Fishhooks 

In 1884 Dr Bau published accounts of a series of 11 hooks of 
bone found east of the Bocky mountains, ending with a figure of 
the only distinctly barbed hook of this material then known. It 
was furnished by the writer and was then supposed to be of horn, 
but later examination proved it bone. The first of the series was 
a simple bone hook from Dakota, apparently not old. It had 



HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 



305 



neither barb nor terminal knob, and is of a type found on historic 
sires in New York, as well as those but little older. A corroded 
one from the Madisonville site in Ohio is older in appearance than 
others from that place, but this is the result of position rather than 
age, as may be seen from Dr Rau's account of another with a well 
cut groove at the top. It was found at the same place. He said : 
" This hook presents a perfectly fresh appearance, being almost 
white, and is of excellent workmanship and w r ell polished." I?au, 
p. 127. Another from this spot was perforated at the top — a rare 
feature. Hooks seen by the writer from that place in general can 
not be distinguished from similar specimens in New York. There 
is little reason, from the form, to call any of them old. Other 
things suggest age. Three out of the 11 hooks were from New 
York, and other types have been added since. 

Dr Ran did not class Schoolcraft's bone fishhook as a barbed 
hook, though it certainly suggests this. The latter writer said that 
it was found within an earthwork on Cunningham's island in Lake 
Erie, and added : " Within these inclosures have been found stone 
axes, pipes, perforators, bone fishhooks, fragments of pottery, arrow- 
heads, net sinkers, and fragments of human bones." Schoolcraft, 
2 : 87 

Soon after furnishing this figure to Dr Rau, the writer himself 
found a sharp and well preserved barb broken from a hook. Then 
the figure of another was sent to him from Jefferson county ; then 
he met with a large one at Toronto, and since then several of the 
barbed hooks have been found, mostly in the Onondaga territory. 
While they suggest a knowledge of the white man's arts in their 
barbs, it is a curious fact that all which can be dated are older than 
the period of colonization, though well within that of discovery. 
Those without barbs are both older and more recent, and of course 
sometimes contemporaneous with those having barbs. 

In making a hook, the method was peculiar. With rude tools 
there was much danger of breaking, and this was carefully guarded 
against. A piece of bone was brought nearly down to the required 
dimensions for one or two hooks, and then ground to the desired 
thickness. Then work began on the inside by boring and cutting. 
The superfluous material was thus removed and the inside of the 



306 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



hook formed. Most of the outside could then be fashioned in the 
same safe way, the critical point being the cutting away of the last 
outside support. Thanks are due to C. L. Mills, of Columbus 
O. for photographs of relics showing this progressive work. 

A perfect series can not be given with ~New York specimens, but 
some may be shown of a distinct or conjectural nature. Fig. 85 
was probably an ornament, but will serve to show how a hook might 
easily have been formed from it, had not the perforation been car- 
ried so far. Fig. 227 may also have been designed for an ornament, 
but may have been blocked out for a hook. In that case the cutting 
would have been from the half-circular notch downward till the 
point and curve were formed, and then upward along the shank. 
Almost to the last there would then have been a firm piece to hold 
it by. Dr Hinsdale found this on the island at Brewerton, where 
perfect hooks of about this size were obtained. Fig. 229 better 
illustrates the usual process, and has nearly the same outline as the 
last. It is in the Buffalo collection. A hole has been drilled toward 
the base, and from this grooves have been commenced for forming 
the point and shank. Fig. 230 is in the same collection, and may 
have been designed for either a large or a small barbless hook. 
The intended point seems to have been broken off, causing a change 
of plan. 

Fig. 343 is from the recent fort near Pompey Center, and is a 
puzzling article if it is to be considered one which had been com- 
pleted and- then broken in using. It might have been a shuttle, had 
such an article then been in use, but this is unique in form and size. 
It is therefore suggested that the plan was to make two large hooks 
from one piece, dividing them in the center when sufficiently 
advanced. Unfortunately for this, it was broken at one end, per- 
haps in the mad license of the feast of dreams, perhaps in some 
accidental way. The curve of the hook is plainly seen at that end, 
while the work at the other is very suggestive. This article is 
reduced with the others on this plate, and is 7-J inches long. For 
its length it is quite thin. 

Most of the completed bone hooks are arranged on one plate ; 
and for this reason fig. 313 will be mentioned first, being also of 
uncertain locality though owned near Syracuse. It is much more 



BORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 



307 



massive than any others reported in New York, is without barbs, 
and lias a slight groove at the top. It is also less angular than 
usual, and probably is much more recent than those which follow. 
The writer now definitely learns that it came from Michigan. 

Fig. 209 is one of those published by Dr Rau, being his tig. 189. 
Like all the others, it is of actual size. Dr C. C. Abbott also gave 
the same figure in his Primitive industry, at an earlier day. It 
was found by W. Wallace Tooker in a shell heap near Sag Harbor. 
~No others have been discovered on Long Island, and it is the largest 
bone hook yet obtained in New York. This is grooved near the 
top, forming a neat head, and the curve is well rxmnded inside. 
The basal curves, however, come to a point, greatly increasing the 
strength of the implement there. In this respect it is unique. 

Fig. 210 is in A. G. Richmond's collection, and came from Rich- 
mond Mills in Ontario county. There is a recent site there. It is 
small, very angular, and without barb or knob, though the top is 
slightly curved. Fig. 213 belongs to Dr A. L. Benedict of Buffalo, 
and was found east of that city. It is thick, but quite small, and 
has neither barb nor knob. Fig. 226 is in the same collection, and 
was found at the same place. It is small, thick and very angular, 
and has a prominent head. 

Fig. 217 is from Dr Rau's fig. 186, representing a barbless hook 
found by F. H. Cushing in the Shelby fort, in Orleans county. Dr 
Rau says : 

It is made of deer bone, and beautifully polished, especially at the 
point. The shank expands a little at the upper end, where there 
are some slight grooves. Viewed horizontally from the lower end, 
this hook shows in a slight degree the cavity of the bone. It was 
discovered in an accumulation of debris, 18 inches below the sur- 
face, near the center of an old circular earthwork. . . With it, 
Mr Cushing informs me, occurred various other remains, such as 
broken bones of animals, rudely ornamented potsherds, flint imple- 
ments, awls, spatulae, portions of weapons and ornaments of bone 
and deer horn, shell and stone beads, etc. fiau, p. 125 

This is the fort which some have argued is 7000 years old. The 
mention of spatulas suggests those of Jefferson county. 

Fig. 218 is in the Buffalo collection and from a site on Buffum 
street. It is quite small, and the shank is nearly double the thick- 
ness of the rest of the hook. It is of the simplest possible pattern. 



308 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Fig. 220 is in the same collection and from the same place. It is 
large for this form, and slightly expands toward the top. Toward 
the point it is quite thick. 

Fig. 219 is from the Atwell fort, and therefore not far from 300 
years old. It is in the Burr collection at Cazenovia, and is both 
small and simple. Its importance is in giving a date to these simple 
forms. Fig. 223 is in the state museum, and is from Genesee county. 
It is small, angular and slender, and has no barb or knob. A broken 
one was with this. Fig. 228 is from West Bloomfield and in the 
Hildburgh collection. It is quite slender for its size. Two more 
are in the same cabinet and from the same place, one being broken. 
These are also quite recent. 

Fig. 224 is a broken hook found by Dr Hinsdale at Brewerton. 
It has a projection at the top, but its great interest is in showing 
part of the initial perforation near the curve. This proves it to 
have been broken in making, which is hardly a matter of surprise 
when the crosscuts at the base are observed. The writer found 
one of about the same size and as much broken, on the fort site 
west of Baldwinsville. It can not be determined whether either of 
these had barbs, but there are good reasons for thinking they did. 
Fig. 225 is a large, sharp barb from a fort opposite the last men- 
tioned, and south of Seneca river. It indicates a hook of very 
large size and line form. The writer sent this to Dr Rau after 
his work was published, and he adopted the same view regarding 
its character. The site was probably occupied after the middle of 
the 16th century. 

Fig. 214 is the first barbed bone hook reported in New York, 
and is a fine and perfect specimen, long in the Ledyard collection 
and now in the state museum. It is wider than any fish hook yet 
found, and came from the Atwell fort. The writer was so surprised 
at its character, when he first saw it, that he took special pains to 
verify the find. Dr Rau's figure is from his first drawing, made at 
Mr Ledyard's house ; this one was made not long since, when it 
was for some weeks in his hands. It is of bone, and not of horn, 
as first supposed. This site is usually dated at about A. D. 1600, 
and other things there show the influence of white men's imple- 
ments, though there are no examples of their work or materials. 



BORE AM) BONE [MPLEMENTS 



309 



Dr Ran said of this tine article : 

The figure, representing a deer horn fishhook, is copied from a 
drawing kindly sent by the Eev. W. M. Beauchamp of Baldwins- 
ville, Onondaga co. N . Y. This specimen was found, in 1880, by a 
laborer on what is called the Atwell site, in Pompey township, 
Onondaga (or Madison) co. N. Y., and is in possession of Mr L. W. 
Ledyard, of Cazenovia, in Madison county of that state. The hook 
being provided with a barb, Mr Beauchamp thinks that it was made, 
in imitation of the European fishhook, by an Onondaga Indian in the 
17th century. There was an earthwork and ditch on the site, which 
has yielded deer horn forks or combs, bone punches, awls of deer 
horn, clay pipes, some of them exhibiting curiously intertwined 
human faces, pottery with human faces at the angles of the rims, 
and many other objects. The specimen here figured is the only 
regularly barbed fishhook of aboriginal manufacture known to me, 
and Mr Beauchamp's view as to its recent origin appears very 
plausible. Iiau, p. 128 

This fort belonged to the Onondagas, and has been ascribed to 
lot 44, Pompey. It is really just east of this in Madison county, and 
was apparently occupied at the end of one century and the begin- 
ning of another. The general character of this fine article is much 
like that of the old Kirby hook. 

Fig. 211 is a hook which J. S. Twining bought of a boy named 
Pryor, who found it 3 feet deep in ashes on Dry hill, some miles 
south of Watertown X. Y. It is a large, fine hook, with a pecu- 
liar barb, and a knob at the top of the shank very neatly rounded. 
The Twining collection is now in the state museum. Brewerton 
has furnished several fine barbed bone hooks, described in this par- 
agraph. Fig. 212 is the largest of these, and is in the Waterbury 
collection. It came from a fireplace on the island, and is narrow 
for its size. The barb is not sharp, and the top of the shank is a 
little thickened. Fig. 215 was found on the north side of the river 
by Dr Hinsdale. There were fish bones in the ashes with it. It is 
nearly flat, and the slight knob at the top has been broken off. 
Fig. 216 was found with this, and is a little larger. The sloping 
and small knob at the top remains. In both these the shank tapers 
to the top, and they probably had the same maker. Fig. 221 is in 
the Waterbury collection, and was also from the north side of the 
river. The barb and interior curve were mainly formed by the 
large perforation, leaving two straight lines to be cut to this. The 



310 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



shank gradually expands upward, and then quickly contracts into 
a groove, above which is a small and thin head. 

Fig. 222 is a curious and unique hook from the St Lawrence site 
in Jefferson county, where it was found by Dr Getman in 1899. 
It is large, and the shank is very much curved, which is a rare 
feature. Another distinction is made by two deep notches on one 
edge near the top. This site is of uncertain age, but was in the 
early Onondaga territory, whence all barbed bone hooks have thus 
far been reported. It is probable that a period of 50 years will 
inelude all these, and possibly much less. The bone hooks of all 
kinds here described are from Onondaga or .Seneca territory, except 
the one from Long Island, yet it seems proper to credit Mr Cush- 
ing's hook and those from Buffalo to the Neutral nation, which 
occupied that territory at an early day. None have yet been 
reported from Oneida or Cayuga sites, but Mr Yan Epps saw some 
hooks from an early grave 5 miles northwest of Schenectady. 

The Toronto collection has the largest barbed bone hook which 
the writer has seen. It is 3J inches high and has a very long barb. 
The shank gradually contracts toward the top, which has a distinct 
head. This was found in Lindsay Ont., Can. 

Fig. 101 is a bone frequently found on the Atwell site, which 
suggests a hook. It shows little work, and was probably not used 
for this purpose. 

Most European hooks figured in Keller's Lake dwellings of 
Switzerland are quite unlike those of New York, and those found 
in California are also of a different type. Early writers take notice 
of simple forms near the Atlantic coast, which may have been 
suggested to the natives by the gifts of earlier navigators. Those 
thus far found in New York may confidently be referred to gifts of 
this kind. The Madisonville site, in Ohio, has the simpler forms 
and is of supposed early date, but nothing has been reported thence 
which distinguishes it from an Iroquois village of the 16th century 
except the pottery, and even then pottery with handles occurs in 
New York. The hooks themselves certainly suggest that period, 
and it may have been an outlying Erie town, though usually con- 
sidered a mound builders' cemetery. 

That these hooks, wherever found, are due to some knowledge of 



HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENT! 



31 1 



Europeans, may farther appear from accounts of early and recent 

Indian fishhooks. Sagard published his accounts of the Hurons in 

L636, and described their ways of fishing. 

We found in the bellies of several large tishes hooks made of a 
piece of wood and a bone, so placed as to form a hook, and very 
neatly bound together with hemp. Sagard, 3 : 588 

.Mackenzie traveled in northern Canada in the latter part of the 
18th century. He said that the Slave and Dogrib Indians ''manu- 
facture their hooks from wood, horn or bone." Mackenzie, p. 37. 
The same writer said, in describing the Indians of the Peace river 
district, " Their hooks are small bones, fixed in pieces of wood 
split for that purpose, and tied round w T ith fine watape." Mackenzie^ 
p. 206. This w r as a thread made of small spruce roots. The hook 
itself is that of the early Hurons. 

John Ogilby w T rote of the New England Indians in 1671 : " They 

then had English Hooks and Lines, for before they made them of 

Hemp, being most curiously wrought, of stronger Materials than 

ours, and hook'd with Bone-Hooks." Ogilby, p. 157. Kalm said of 

the Indians of New Jersey : 

The Indians employ hooks made of bone, or bird's claws, instead 
of fishing-hooks. Some of the oldest Swedes here told me, that 
when they were young, a great number of Indians had been in that 
part of the country, which was then called New Sweden, and 
had caught fishes in the river Delaware with their hooks. Kalm, 
1:345 

This was in 1749. The assertions or inferences are that the 
native bone fishhook did not resemble that of Europeans. 

Needles 

The bone needles of Europe differ from those of the eastern 
United States and Canada, being usually perforated at one end, and 
quite sharp at the other. A few have a central eye, and some 
California examples resemble these. Ours are .fiat and thin, often 
rounded at the ends, and have one or two holes near the center. 
They could have been used only in some coarse work, and might 
well be called bodkins. It is probable that for finer stitching the 
bone awl was used, as a shoemaker uses an awl in leather, and that 
the hemp or sinew thread was carried through the hole as his is 
now. His is the survival of an early art. 



312 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



In accordance with general usage, this slender and fragile imple- 
ment will receive its common name here, bearing in mind the fact 
that all our own needles are not alike. We have those for knitting, 
netting and sewing, and even a needle which is true to the pole. 
Originally and practically the. name meant something slender and 
pointed. The Onondagas now term the common needle kine-wah 
a-ne-hong-wah, nail or iron that you sew with. 

Of needles and their uses Mr Morgan said : 

A small bone near the ankle joint of the deer, has furnished the 
moccasin needle from time immemorial ; and the sinews of the 
animal the thread. These bone needles are found in the mounds 
of the west, and beside the skeletons of the Iroquois, where they 
were deposited with religions care. This isolated fact would seem 
to indicate an affinity, in one article at least, between the Iroquois 
and the mound builders, whose name, and era of occupation and 
destiny are entirely lost. Morgan, p. 360 

The mere use of bone needles would here prove nothing, for that 
is world-wide. It must be shown that others used the peculiar 
Iroquois form, which thus far seems doubtful. 

Mr Morgan mentioned other needles. In making the Iroquois 
burden strap, lie said, " the braiding or knitting of the bark threads 
is effected with a single needle of hickory." Morgan, p. 365. The 
stitching of canoes with bark twine or tough splints was of a ruder 
nature. 

Mr Tooker has not found bone needles plentiful on Long Island, 
yet he had some from a Hogonock site near Sag Harbor, and says : 
" In a space 10 feet square, I found five bone needles," accompanied 
by articles of stone. In his Brooklyn address he used this name. In 
Rau's Prehistoric fishing he called them perforators. They occur 
on the site of Hochelaga, at Montreal, as might have been expected, 
and in Canada north of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are 
found on the Madisonville site in Ohio, if the name is applied to 
the Iroquois type, but how frequent they are elsewhere in that 
direction is uncertain. Dr Kau figured none in the collections of 
the national museum. However they may have been used by 
others, they were still an Iroquois implement far within the his- 
toric period. This would argue a use for which the steel needle 
was not required. The perforations show that the thread used was 
not of a large size, and Indian women were expert in making fine 



HORN AM) HONK IMTLKM KNTS 



313 



thread. For some uses sinews were required, and for coarse work 
the inner fibers of bark were used, but the writer has seen very 
tine Indian thread made from wild hemp, and twisted by merely 
rolling on the thigh. 

Mr Van Epps reported a bone needle which he found at the early 
Cayadutta fort. It was notched at the head, and had grooves on 
each side between the eye and the head. It may be that this one 
had two holes and was broken at one, causing the notch. Perfect 
specimens have usually two points and a central perforation. One 
long needle in the state museum, is credited to Fort Hill, probably 
near Leroy. 

John B. James reported two fine bone needles from Yan Cort- 
landt park, in Popular science news for August 1896, and April 
1897. They were 5 \ inches long, a very large size, and one was 
grooved in the eye, a frequent feature, probably resulting from the 
wearing of the thread. 

Fig. 72 is a needle in the Dann collection at Honeoye Falls, and 
of the latter part of the 17th century. It is thin and a little curved, 
and is sharper at the ends than is usual. There are two small 
perforations quite close together and near the center. These are 
united and crossed by a narrow groove made by the thread. Fig. 
109 varies from the typical form and is in the Waterbury collection. 
It is much thicker than is usual, has the perforation toward the 
broadly rounded end, and is broken at the other. As it tapers 
slightly toward the broken end, it may have been a perforated awl, 
and this is quite probable. Supposing it to have this character, it 
may be compared with tig. 7. Fig. 117 is part of a very long and 
slender needle from the Atwell fort. It has been broken at the 
perforation, and, if this was central, it would have had a length of 
nearly 7 inches. Fig. 118 shows one of two thin, flat and highly 
polished needles found by Dr Hinsdale on the island at Brewerton. 
Both were broken at the eye, and the remaining point is quite sharp. 
They were 3 feet deep in the ashes. Fig. 119 is in the Bigelow 
collection, and is a broken needle from Pompey. This has been 
broken beyond the eye, and the point is rounded. It is quite thin 
and a little curved. Fig. 120 has also a round point, and was 
found by Dr Hinsdale on the Sheldon fort in Pompey. It has been 



314 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



broken at the eye, and has the usual flattened form. Fig. 123 is a 
flat and curved needle, found by Dr Amidon on the St Lawrence 
site. The ends are well rounded, and the perforation is not cen- 
tral. It is a tine and perfect specimen, though not a long one. 
Fig. 279 may be called either an awl or needle, having some features 
of each. It is sharp at one end and obtusely pointed at the other, 
but has a central perforation, slightly grooved across. It is wide 
for a needle, and is highly polished. This is from Pompey, and in 
the Bigelow collection. Probably it should be placed with the awls 
but may have had other uses. Fig. 280 is in the same collection 
and from the Christopher site. It is a long and slender needle, 
sharp at one end and with a rounded point at the other. The per- 
foration is longer than usual, and probably enlarged by use. The 
groove which crosses it shows how constant was the wear. Fig. 281 
is shorter and not so slender, but has much of the same character. 
These needles are usually flat on one side and a little rounded on 
the other. 

Fig. 284 is from the At well fort, and may be an unfinished needle, 
lacking the proper points and perforation. It is thin and flat, and 
is somewhat curved. The edges are nearly parallel. Fig. 309 has 
a similar character. The thickness and curve are shown, as well as 
the flat surface. One end is pointed and the other left unfinished. 
In its present state, there is no perforation, but there can be no 
doubt that it was designed for a needle. This is in the Bigelow 
collection and from the Christopher site. 

Fig. 324 is in one way unique, having one side straight and the 
other curved. The remaining point is also quite sharp. It was 
broken at the original perforation, which the groove shows was long 
used. Then a circular hole was drilled more toward the ])oint, 
thus making a nearly terminal perforation. This had been scarcely 
used at all. It is in the Waterbury collection, and is half round. 

Yery few are perfect, as they are thin and narrow at the outset, 
and the perforations necessarily weaken them. Use increases this 
weakness, and they commonly gave way there. Broken forms, 
however, sometimes have special features, and are at least valuable in 
showing dates and distribution. Fig. 121 has already been mentioned 
as unique in form whether classed as awl or needle. It is probably 



BORN A\'> BONE IMPLEMENTS 



315 



the former, being quite broad. A Mohawk bone needle is 3J inches 
long, and is quite wide in the middle, where there is the usual per- 
foration. A round-pointed needle, broken at the eye and still 
inches long, comes fronrthe island at Brewerton. Some with two 
are broken at both. They occur on many sites and in many 
collections, but are often overlooked from their inconspicuous 
character. 

Fig. 351 is a good example from the Christopher site, in the 
Bigelow collection. It is of bone, convex on one surface and con- 
cave on the other. Having been long in use, the point has been 
sharpened as occasion required. The other end is not now pointed 
and may never have been, though this would be unusual. It is cut 
squa.rely across, and this seems the original design. That half also 
does not follow the plane, as in most needles, but curves quickly out 
of the line. 

Spoons 

Iroquois spoons were usually made of wood, but a few have 
appeared that were formed of bone, horn or metal. Every man 
was expected to have his own, and to carry it to any feast to which 
he might be invited. Small sizes were provided for children, and 
larger for old people. They were broad, shallow, and often of quite 
a large size. The writer has seen an old Indian friend eating with 
one not less than 6 inches wide. Such a one may have given name 
to a noted Mohawk chief of 1660, who was called Adaquatho, or 
Big Spoon. 

The Eskimo use horn dippers and spoons. Horn spoons were 
found in a grave in Windsor Ct. ; and bone spoons were among 
early Xew England articles. Few have been found in New York, 
but some Avooden and metallic ones have been taken from graves. 

Fig. 134 is of bone, and was found on a recent site in Cayuga 
county, in May 188S. The handle is straight, on a plane with the 
bowl, and the whole article much like those made of wood. The 
latter, however, have the handle more at an angle, and generally 
carved in some ornamental design at the top. Fig. 344 is more like 
the usual forms in its curves, and is made of horn. It is reduced in 
the figure, and is a little over 7-J- inches long. Yiewed from the 
side, it shows a double curve, and the handle has several notches on 



316 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



the under side, near the top. This was found near Fort Brewerton, 
and was shown by J. II. Horton at the Onondaga centennial 
exhibition. 

Whistles and phalanges 

Phalanges of deer abound on early village sites, often more or 
less worked. Many of these "have a longitudinal and a lateral open- 
ing, and are commonly classed as whistles. Some have a single long- 
perforation, and were probably used as ornaments. Others have a 
lateral perforation at one end, plainly intended for suspension. The 
writer has hesitated whether to separate these according to their sup- 
posed uses or to place them together according to their natural and 
slightly altered forms. The latter course is the least difficult and 
will be followed in this case, some reference to this being made on 
a later page. Most of the phalanges were probably used in a kind 
of cup and ball game, as they still are by some Indian tribes. The 
perforations served to connect them when so used. The common 
name of bone whistle has been retained here. 

Fig. 142 is a neat article of this material, without lateral per- 
foration, but with the ends cut in notches and polished. It was 
found by Dr Hinsdale at Brewerton. Fig. 203 is worked all over, 
and has a longitudinal perforation, and a lateral hole near the broad 
end. The form is like fig. 204, which has been already described 
as a bone pipe. The essential differences are in its being bored 
from end to end, and in having the lateral hole near the top instead 
of the bottom. It is from the Christopher site, and is in the 
Bigelow collection. The notch crossing the base does not show in 
the figure. 

Fig. 205 is from the same place, and in the same collection. It 
is of the same form, but is smaller, and is very nicely worked. A. 
scallop ornament of dots crosses one end. It is perforated through- 
out. Fig. 206 is a slightly worked deer phalanx, found by the 
writer at the Atwell site in 1896. It is perforated for suspension at 
the small end. Fig. 207 is a large phalanx, deeply notched each 
way at one end. This is in the Bigelow collection and from the 
Christopher site. There are abundant examples of these, varying 
in little things. One from the Garoga fort, in Fulton county, is 
well worked, and is perforated at the small end. Such forms may 



HORN AND BONE [MPLEMENTS 



317 



have fringed the dress or anklets, as the hoofs of deer and sheep? 
afterward did. 

Fig, 102 is a small, cylindric bone whistle, belonging to Dr A. L. 
Benedict of Buffalo. The lateral orifice is toward one end, and is 
quadrilateral. Fig. 107 is a short, cylindric bone whistle, in the 
Bigelow collection. This is from the Christopher site, and the lat- 
eral central aperture is circular. Fig. 126 is from the same place,, 
and was found by Dr Hinsdale. It is an angular, tapering bone 
whistle, with an angular orifice near the small end, and is not a 
common form. 

Fig. 135 is from Rice's woods, near Stone Arabia, and lias much 
the outline of the last, but is not angular. The lateral orifice is 
oblique and elliptic, and the whole surface is well worked. Fig. 208 
is a hollow and polished bone, neatly cut at each end and tri- 
angular in section. It is of a deep brown color, like many articles, 
from the Christopher site, and is in the Bigelow collection. 

Fig. 326 is in the same cabinet, and is a very long bone whistle^ 
hollow throughout. Grooves for a perforation have been cut nearly 
through on the opposite side, and the unfinished base has been partly 
cut off. The large aperture near one end is rectangular. The nat- 
ural grooves appear on this and the next. Both are reduced on the 
plate, and each is 7f inches long. These were found at Jack Reef, 
Seneca river, with other bone implements. Fig. 327 differs little 
from the last, but the aperture is narrower and there are no cuts on 
the opposite side. Another was found with these. 

Fig. 328 is a little larger cylindric bone tube, ornamented with 
parallel and cross grooves. It was found on Dry hill, near Water- 
town, where the barbed fishhook was exhnmed. It is nearly 8 inches, 
long, and one end is charred. Mr Twining furnished the figure,, 
and thought the tube was mado from a bone of the human arm. 

Bone counters for games 

Lacrosse and other ball games were purely those of strength and 
skill, but every article of value was often staked upon their results.. 
Nation played against nation, and village against village, and the 
excitement was often intense. The passion for betting and gambling 
is very strong in the Indian character. So there was found among 
them the game of straws, analogous to our game of cards, but never 



318 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



mastered by a white man yet. The game of the bones may have 
been less widespread, as played by the Iroquois, but the game of the 
dish or bowl everywhere prevailed, essentially the same in every 
nation, yet with frequent modifications. A good player of this had 
as wide a reputation as any chess player of modern times. 

A full description of these is not necessary now, but a few words 
on them may not be amiss. 

The Jesuits mention the game of straws among the Hurons in the 
lielation of 1636. Charlevoix gives an account of it as he saw it 
played in 1721 : 

These straws are small rushes of the thickness of a stalk of wheat 
and two fingers in length. They take up a parcel of these in their 
hand, which generally consists of 201, and always of an unequal 
number. After they have well stirred them, making a thousand 
contortions of body and invoking the genii, they divide them, 
with a kind of awl or sharp bone, into parcels of 10 : each takes 
one at a venture, and he to whom the parcel with 11 in it falls gains 
a certain number of points according to the agreement : 60 or four 
score make a party. There are other ways of playing this game, 
and they would have explained them to me, but I could understand 
nothing of the matter, except that the number nine gained the whole 
party. Charlevoix, 2 : 102 

In this we find a pleasurable use for the long and sharp points of 
some bone awls. They were not merely useful, but were employed 
in their games of chance. We have another account in New Eng- 
land? s prospect, describing the Indians there : 

They have two sorts of games, one called Puim, the other 
Hubbub, not much unlike Cards and Dice, being no other than Lot- 
terie. Puim is 50. or 60. small bents of a foote long which they 
divide to the number of their gamesters, shuffling them first betweene 
the palmes of their hands ; he that hath more than his fellow is so 
much the forwarder in his game : many other strange whimseyes be 
in this game ; which would be too long to commit to paper. W ?od, 
pt 2, en. 14 

The Indians near New York city were also fond of this game, 
which they called senneca in 1679. 

Of the two games resembling dice the writer has given a full 
account in the Journal of Ainerican folk-lore, vol. 9. The game 
of peach stones, or the dish, he has played with Indians, and the 
Orion dagas call it ta-yune-oo-wdh-es, throwing the bowl to each other, 



HORN AM) BONE [MPLEMENTS 



as they take it in turn. Six peach stones are placed in a bowl, and 
the game is used at the New Year's feast, clan against clan. The 
stones are black on one side, white on the other, and five or six are 
the only winning points. Six make o-hen-tah, a field ; five make 
o-yu-ah, a bird. This is the great game described in the Relation 
of 1636. Wood describes it as played in New England with bone 
counters : 

Hubbub is five small Bones in a small smooth Tray, the bones bee 
like a Die, but something natter, blacke on the one side and white on 
the other, which they place on the ground, against which violently 
thumping the platter, the bones mount changing colours with the 
windy whisking of their hands too and fro : which action in that 
sport they much use, smiting themselves on the breast, and thighs, 
crying out, Hub, Hob, Hub / they may be heard play at this game 
a quarter of a mile off. The bones being all blacke or white, make 
a double game ; if three be of a colour and two of another, then 
they affoard but a single game ; four of a colour and one different 
is nothing. Wood, pt 2, ch. 14 

In the Relation for 1636 we are told that among the Hurons 
" both sides bet loud and firmly. When the one on the opposite 
side holds the dish, they scream loudly, i Achinc, achinc, achinc, 
three, three, or else Io-io, io-io, io-io, wishing that he may throw 
only three wdiite or three black/' 

A variety of this game is now played by the Iroquois with eight 
bone counters, or buttons of deer horn. It is probable that both 
w^ere at first played with plum stones, so rarely are bone counters 
found on Iroquois sites. Our earliest account is of stones of fruit. 
In the domestic game eight bone or horn counters are used, but no 
dish. So the Onondagas call the game ta-you-nyun-wdt-hah, or 
finger-shaker, the pieces being thrown from the uplifted hand on a 
blanket. The Senecas called it gus-ga-e-sd-ta. Six white or black 
count two, called o-yu-ah, or the bird ; seven of a color count four, 
called o-neo-sah, or pumpkin ; all white or all black gain 20, or a 
field, called o-hen-tah. 

Fig. 163 is a Seneca gaming bone, which has been a little burned 
toward the edge. This is modern, and is in the Buffalo academy of 
science. Fig. 16-i is from another set there, and has dots arranged 
inside the circumference. One side is red. Fig. 166 is also from 
Buffalo, but is an earlier and irregularly circular form. Fig. 168 is 



320 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



similar, but larger and thicker. It is from the Atwell fort, and is a 
quarter of an inch thick. This is the oldest the writer has seen, 
and, while some small stone disks may have been used, it is more 
probable that fruit stones were the original Iroquois dice. They 
were in use when the game w r as first described. In some other 
states bone counters may have been exclusively used, and among 
the western Indians the dice themselves were of various forms. 
The Senecas called the peach stone game gus-kd-eh. 

At an early day the Iroquois children had a game requiring 
pointed bones. A Jesuit remarked the likeness of Canadian Indian 
games to those of France. 

Among others, I have seen the little Parisians cast an arquebuse 
ball in the air, and catch it with a stick a little hollowed ; the little 
savage Montagnards do the same, using a little bundle of pine 
branches, which they catch and pitch in the air with a pointed 
stick. The little Iroquois have the same pastime, throwing a small 
pierced bone, which they transfix in the air on another little bone. 
A young Iroquois told me this, seeing the Montagnard children 
playing. Relation, 1634 

George Copway gives a brief account of both games among the 
O jibways. First is the tossing play used indoors. An oblong knot 
of cedar boughs is made about 7 inches long, and to this a string 15 
inches long is attached. By this the knot is swung. To the other 
end of the string a sharp stick is tied, which is about 2J inches 
long. " This is held in the hand, and, if the player can hit the 
large stick every time it falls on the sharp one, he wins." Copwcty, 
p. 48 

This is not very clear, and it is immediately followed by an 
account of a "bone play" indoors, which is no clearer. In this 
they use " hoof joint bones of the deer. The ends are hollowed 
out, and from three to 10 are strung together. In playing it they 
use the same kind of sharp stick, the end of which is thrown into 
the bones." Oopvjay, p. 48, 49 

However little we may understand this, we find in it a use for 
the worked and perforated deer phalanges not apparent before. 
At the Pan-American exposition good examples of these bones 
arranged for this game were shown, five or six in a set, much like 
those commonly called whistles. The broad and pointed awls with 



HORN - AND HONK I Ml' I. KM K\T> 



321 



central perforations for strings, may have been used in similar 
games. 

Rattles 

In all Iroquois dances and feasts the rattle in some form is indis- 
pensable ; but none of these instruments will be figured here. Those 
familiar to the writer among the Onondagas are made of bark, tur- 
tle-shells, cows horns, and squashes or gourds. Strength is required, 
for they are not merely shaken but struck on a bench. Morgan's 
description of their use is good. Two musicians sit on the peculiar 
bench used and sing. " The rattles were used to mark time, and as 
an accompaniment to the songs. In using them they were struck 
on the seat as often as twice or thrice in a second, the song and the 
step of the dancers keeping time, notwithstanding the rapidity of 
the beat." Morgan, p. 280 

The turtle-shell rattle is the favorite and ancient instrument, and 
the Senecas call this gus-da-wa-sa. Morgan describes and figures 
this, and his account is quoted : 

To make this rattle they remove the animal from the shell, and, 
after drying it, they place within it a handful of flint corn, and then 
sew up the skin, which is left attached to the shell. The neck of 
the turtle is then stretched over a wooden handle. Morgan, p. 280 

Mr Morgan gave a good figure of this instrument, which has been 
often copied. One made from a very large turtle is reserved for 
special occasions, being used only in the great feather dance and in 
the medicine dance with the false faces. It is carried by the chief 
of the false faces, and its use is quite exhausting. Its name 
includes two Onondaga words, hah-nya-ten-go-nah, big mud turtle, 
and harstorwen-sa, rattle. Smaller ones are also used. The writer's 
is about the usual size of these, being a little over a foot in extreme 
length, and was taken from the snapping turtle. The main part of 
the handle enters the end of the shell, and is strengthened by two 
diverging splints of polished hickory, penetrating the shell midway 
in the back, while a similar single splint performs the same office 
below. It is proper to say that the names varied in the several 
dialects, and there may be some variety of usage. A moderate 
difference will be here observed between the Onondaga and Seneca 
"words. 

The bark rattle is a long, straight piece of bark, having the ends 



322 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



and edges neatly turned over, and is rarer than the others. The 
horn rattle is modern, of course, being made of a cow's horn cut 
off at both ends. These are closed with wood, as in the bases of 
old powder-horns. The handle passes through both ends, but pro- 
trudes from but one. This rattle may be used in any dance. 

Though not made of - horn or bone the drums and another rattle 
may be mentioned here. The gourd rattle retains its natural pyri- 
form shape, and is called by the Onondagas a-e-tot-hah ka-sta-we?i-sa, 
the first word being the name of the medicine dance in which it is 
used. Mr Morgan does not give this prefix. No rattles or drums 
appear in a condolence, which is purely civic in character. 

The Indian drum is ga-no-jo-o in Seneca, ka-na-ju-we in Onon- 
daga, meaning a covered kettle. It is used in the war dance and 
many others, but never in the snake dance. The big drum is also 
used in the annual feast of the dead, held in the spring. Its size is 
that of a large keg, with the diameter of the old-fashioned churn. 
The smaller ones, of the size of small paint kegs, are used in most 
dances. 

Knee rattles of deers hoofs were used in early days. The writer 
has seen sheeps hoofs employed as a substitute. A fringe of these 
was tied round the leg, and added to the noisy effect of the dance. 
When brass or copper bangles could be procured, these became 
substitutes or additional ornaments, and are yet found on Indian 
sites. The writer has seen conical rolls of sheet iron used in place 
of these. Every jingling or clashing ornament increased the desired 
noise of the dance. Some of the worked phalanges may have had 
a similar office. 

Miscellaneous 

A number of articles -not easily classified will be grouped under 
one head. Some are unique as far as reports go ; but others like 
them may yet appear, and one aim of these papers is to call out 
unknown material. In articles of horn and bone this is to be hoped 
for more than in other kinds. When we remember how great has 
been our advance during the last 10 years in a knowledge of these 
aboriginal relics in New York, and how much practically un worked 
ground awaits examination, we can easily believe that we are now 
only in the skirmish line, preparing for the later advance in full 



HORN AN!) BONE [MPLEMENTS 



323 



force. Sonic now in the field will fall before that advance is made, 
lmt they may he assured that every early effort will have some later 
value. 

Fig. 89 suggests a bone harpoon begun, but the slight notches are 
turned the wrong- way. It is flat, and probably had a sharp point 
which has been broken off. The general form is that of a flat awl, 
but these slight and uniform notches arouse conjectures. Harpoons 
are not rare in the preparatory stages. This is from Brewerton, 
where these implements have been found in the greatest numbers. 

Fig. 98 will introduce the reader to some implements of a puzzling 
nature. The one here represented is of horn, nearly half preserv- 
ing the cylindric form, the rest of the long handle being cut into 
oblong facets, so that it becomes somewhat flat near the groove 
toward the lower end. This groove produces an irregular square, 
furrowed on one surface with deep longitudinal grooves. Mr Rich- 
mond obtained this in Rice's woods, near Stone Arabia, and thought 
it had been used in marking pottery. Those who have studied 
aboriginal pottery will see that such implements were not employed, 
though the suggestion would be otherwise probable. Such an 
implement would make parallel lines, and these do not strictly appear 
on native vessels. It might have been used in scraping hair from 
hides, but its value for this has not been tested. Had this been its 
use, more of its kind would have been found, but it seems quite 
rare, Fig. 338 is another of these, which is also of .horn. It was 
found by Dr Hinsdale on the Sheldon fort site in Pompey. In the 
plate it is reduced, the actual length being 7i inches, and the greatest 
thickness f of an inch. There are six deej3 grooves at one end, 
which are much longer than those in the Richmond example, and 
are not bounded by a cross groove. The sides are cut down so that 
it makes a rudely handled and abruptly curving tool. The writer 
thinks its most probable use was in preparing clay for the finer 
articles of earthenware. Its furrowed surface and peculiar form 
would fit it for this use. It is to be remembered that both these 
sites were occupied in recent times, probably about 1630, and are 
well supplied with European articles. 

Two of these articles are in the Toronto collection, and both are 
of bone. One is llf- inches long and quite straight, the grooves 



321 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



being on a line with the general surface, but on an expanded part 
of the implement. The other is more than half as long, somewhat 
curved, and with the grooved surface at an abrupt angle with the 
rest. Mr Boyle says : " Both are grooved at one end, as if to pro- 
duce a pattern on something soft — perhaps for drawing lines to 
ornament articles of clothing." Boyle, p. 77 

Fig. 110 is an unfinished angular bone article in the Buffalo col- 
lection. One perforation is complete, and another begun. They 
suggest the use of metallic tools. Two longitudinal grooves were 
also commenced. While this may have been an ornament, some 
things suggest an unfinished barbless hook. 

Fig. 133 is a curious bone article found by Dr Hinsdale at Brew- 
erton, suggestive of an adz. In outline it shows two sides of a 
rectangle. The ends are neatly worked at the edge, but not sharp 
enough for cutting. They could have removed charred wood. The 
general surface is large and flat, and the implement is thin in the 
shorter part. It probably had a wooden handle attached. It is a 
rare if not unique article here. 

Fig. 160 was found by Dr Hinsdale at the same place. It is of 
bone, nearly flat, and quadrilateral. The outline is slightly curved, 
suggesting a hammer or double-bitted axe, but it is of considerable 
and uniform thickness. There is a central cross groove, and some 
notches at the edge. It may have been used for a sinker. 

Fig. 161 is a bone ball from West Bloomtield, being one of the 
two in the Hildburgh collection. They are f of an inch thick, and 
rare. Fig. 285 is a paint cup from the Christopher site, which is 
made from the base of an antler. It is moderately worked, and 
shows some traces of its former use. Fig. 299 is an example of 
some small bone bands in the Burr collection and from the Atwell 
fort. They look as if a groove had been carefully cut around near the 
top of a bone suitably prepared, and then a narrow ring of bone 
had been neatly separated. The Buffalo collection has some of these 
curious articles. The wonder is that they have so well endured a 
burial of three centuries. No opinion has been expressed regard- 
ing their use. 

Fig. 322 is from the Richmond collection, and was found at 
Hice's woods. The site shows its modern character. In the figure 



HOkW AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 



325 



the implement is half its true length. From the tip of the fork to 
the chisel point is 7f inches, and from the same tip to the extreme 
point is lOf inches. It is an adz made from a deer's antler. The 
short prong is sharpened to a chisel edge, is nicely worked the entire 
length and is now very straight. One prong has been cut off, and 
another left for a handle. This is less worked, but it is a fine and 
rare implement. In the same collection and from the same place is 
an antler prong 10-J- inches long, cut off at the base, where there 
are several cuts. 

Fig. 331 is a long and hollow bone found in a cache at Cayuga. 
It has been cut down by grinding, and thus laid open in the center. 
The orifice is 4f inches long, and the bone has a length of 11 inches. 
The joints are left at each end. It was full of red paint when 
found in 1S86, and a small, elliptic sandstone pestle or muller, 3 
inches long, lay along the opening. It is much reduced in the 
figure. Fig. 332 shows a fine bone mortar from the Garoga fort, 
which is in the Richmond collection. It is reduced in the figure, 
being 4f inches high, 2 inches wide at the top, and If inches at the 
bottom. It is excavated nearly to the base. The accompanying 
bone pestle has been already shown. 

A large number of long bones from Ohio were in the Pan-Ameri- 
can exposition, and were called scrapers. They were cut much like 
fig. 331, but more deeply, and probably had the use assigned. The 
Cayuga example was a paint box. 

Fig. 342 is one of the rarest of all New York articles, being an 
implement made of a walrus tusk. It is curved, angular, and has 
been ground to a broad point at one end. The actual dimensions 
are 16 inches of length, and 1J inches of thickness, being nearly as 
wide throughout as at the thickest part. With it were found large 
bones and other relics, and a gouge of walrus tusk broken in two. 
Unfortunately this fine article is much weathered. It came from 
the early fishing place at Brewerton. 

Fig. 349 is a novel implement in the Bigelow collection, and from 
the Christopher site. It is a well worked bone naturally deeply 
grooved on each side, but with the edges of the grooves ground 
flat. A rounding crosscut connects these at each end. The one at 
the basal joint is not conspicuous, but the other is very deep, form- 



326 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



ing a curved and prominent horn on each side. Both these are 
ground to a rounded cutting edge, and might have been used for 
cutting strips of hide with parallel edges. The shorter horn has 
been split and recut, and both are ground from the inside, the 
natural curve of the bone remaining without. The edges are very 
slightly ground outside, and cracks nearly reach the base. 

Fig. 353 is another novel article from the same site. It might 
be called a flat double chisel or gouge, being sharp at both ends. 
The material seems to be horn, and the edges are ornamented with 
notches. These edges are parallel, moderately deep in the center, 
and there are two circular perforations near the center of the imple- 
ment. One surface is nearly straight, and retains part of a natural 
longitudinal hollow. The other curves, and has a deep, broad 
hollow, worked from end to end, as in the figure. This fine article 
may have been a shuttle, or have been used in some game. 

A piece of horn has been cut off from an antler and partially 
worked. It is 5J inches long, and has been excavated on one side, 
perhaps for a paint box. This is from the Otstungo fort and is in 
the Richmond collection. The writer found part of an antler on 
the Wagner hollow site in Montgomery county in 1889. It had 
been neatly cut off and was partially worked, though most of the 
original surface remains. Toward the upper end broad diagonal 
grooves have been cut. It is 4f inches long by inches thick. 
Copper saws were found on the same site. 

A slightly curved bone implement is in the collection of H. A. 
Pride of Holland Patent. It was found in the town of Marcy, on 
the north side of the Mohawk river, and not far from Oriskany. 
The sides and edges are parallel, and it is 5J inches long and over 
an inch wide. The thickness is J- of an inch. Both ends are 
brought to a moderately sharp edge, suggesting a double chisel, but 
one of these has the characteristic feature of fig. 98 and 312. 
Parallel grooves extend from the end on one surface, for over 
an inch of the length, making a corrugated surface there. They are 
arranged as in the other examples, and probably had the same 
use.. 

In the collection of the Onondaga historical association is a l}one 
spool, given to that society, Mar. 29, 1895, by Mrs Pierce, an Indian 



HORN AND BONK I M I' I. KM K NTS 



327 



woman. It was made by Harry, son of the noted Ephraim Web- 
ster, and is much like the wooden ones in form. Indian thread is 
wound on it. A folding bone toothpick in the form of a fish 
accompanied this and was made by the same chief. Some Indians 
at Onondaga have done fine carving in bone. 

A hollow bone, nicely wrought at one end, perhaps • for a box, 
was found at Brewerton. It is 2-J inches long by 1 inch broad. A 
long and curved bone is in the Buffalo collection. It is perforated 
at one end, and polished. The length is 4rJ inches. 

In treating of these things many fine articles have been passed 
over, because representative forms, were needed, and even then the 
illustrations have exceeded in number those used before. Some are 
not so remarkable for form as for the high polish given centuries 
ago, and retained in the earth to the present day. The sharpness 
of some points is wonderful, and yet, aside from their daily use by 
their makers, these have often been preserved unharmed for over 
300 years. In no class has the writer been so inclined to exceed his 
limits as in that of harpoons. They are so abundant and variable, 
that almost every fragment has a charm of its own. A large pro- 
portion are of course fragmentary, not strictly fine specimens, but 
each has its own features. 

In some cases it has been difficult to distinguish horn from bone 
without marring the article, but this is a point of slight importance. 
Both materials were abundant, and it was merely a matter of choice 
or convenience which was used. Large harpoons were often of 
horn, and this seems to have been preferred for the hollow 
points commonly called arrowheads. Awls were usually made of 
bone. 

The presence of certain bones and teeth is not without interest. 
In the refuse of the towns, jaws, teeth and bones occur, showing 
traces of the usual food of the people. Something might be gained 
in this way from a study of the implements, were this at all needed. 
Some remains of this kind are certainly suggestive. The presence 
of two walrus tusks at Brewerton may have resulted from aboriginal 
travel or trade. In one collection in Jefferson county the writer 
found a buffalo's tooth and the palate of a drumfish. Close inspec- 
tion might show other strange materials. The local collector should 



328 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



look well to these. They are not showy things, but are none the 
less valuable in revealing early life. A bare reference to them will 
suffice in this paper, which treats of implements and ornaments, and 
not of food. 

To show how little was generally known of bone articles in New 
York but a few years since, reference may be made to A. E. Doug- 
lass's table of Indian relics in his fine cabinet, in 1896. He then 
had 36 bone implements, 17 of which came from New York. His 
30 bone beads included no New York specimens, and but one of his 
six bone ornaments was found here. Of his 73 images, masks and 
heads of all materials, but eight were from the United States, and 
none from New York. The character of the collection is mainly 
the result of personal opportunities and limitations, and, because of 
this, some little known collections of a local character are very 
important in determining geographic distribution and illustrating 
rare forms. For a similar reason, it seems proper to quote David 
Boyle's remarks on bone articles in Canada, the home of the Hurons 
and Neutrals, who were kindred to the Iroquois of New York, and 
whose remains are directly related to those found here. • Mr Boyle 
says : 

Many tools and a few ornaments were made of bone and horn, 
but no weapons appear to have been produced from these materials, 
unless we include those known as harpoons having one or more 
barbs. On account of the extensive use of bone by the Eskimo, 
there is a strong temptation to refer many of our specimens of this 
kind to Irmuit origin, especially as the resemblance of ours to theirs 
is often very marked. But, in this respect, there does not appear 
to be any more reason for so doing than there is for attributing the 
same origin to flints, vessels of soapstone and some other things. 
Still, when we take into account the Huron-Iroquois tradition as to 
the former abiding place of the nation on the north shore of the 
Gulf of St Lawrence, we may at once concede the probability 
of strong Eskimo influences affecting the work of our Indians. 
Boyle, p. 72 

Mr Boyle seems to refer the early Iroquois to the north shore of 
the Gulf of St Lawrence, but the Eskimos lived there in historic 
times. The Iroquois made the unilateral harpoon of bone long 
after the whites entered New York, and the bilateral to some extent. 
The age and origin of many of these are clearly proved. Mr Boyle 
goes on to say of one fine article : 



HORN AND BONE [MPLEMENTS 



Barbed bone hooks are extremely rare. I have heard of two or 
three others, but this is the only one I ever saw. It is not too 
unreasonable to suppose "white" influence to have been here at 
work at a comparatively recent date. It has been noticed that 
articles made of bone are much more frequently found in some \mrts 
of the country than in others. In the- Ottawa and St Lawrence 
counties few bone specimens occur. In the old Huron country 
they are comparatively rare, and not many are found in the western 
counties. On the other hand, large numbers have been collected 
in the neighborhood of Toronto, of Brantford, and in North Hast- 
ings county. Awls are the most common form of bone tool. They 
are from 2 inches to 8 or 10 inches in length. They are sometimes 
spoken of as needles, but it is most likely that their use was to per- 
forate bark and skin before inserting the thong or fiber employed 
for sewing. Another form also known as a needle . . . was 
almost certainly employed in the netting of snowshoes, and in the 
making of grass mats, for passing the binding string or thong of 
sinew or root fiber in and out among the stalks of grass as they 
hung suspended from a bar in front of the worker. It is, therefore, 
more like a shuttle, although it was not shot. An unfinished Ojibwa 
mat in the provincial museum, yet attached to the original bar 
shows how the work was and is performed by the native women. 
Boyle, p. 73 

This latter needle is the one known by that name in New York. 
It may be supposed that deeper excavations on village sites will 
reveal many articles of bone in the Huron country. European 
articles were so soon taken there that bone may have soon been 
disused on historic sites. This was not the case in the Neutral 
country. Mr Boyle proceeds : 

As pins to fasten clothing on the person bone was the best mate- 
rial procurable, and it is not unlikely that many of the so called 
needles were employed in this way. Specialized forms are found 
occasionally on which some pains have been taken by way of orna- 
mentation. . . Pins of this kind are generally spoken of as pot- 
tery markers, but as a rule the designs on Indian clay vessels required 
no special tool. Implements for dressing skins very effectively were 
made from the metacarpal bones of large quadrupeds like the moose, 
caribou and common deer. Some of these tools are quite smooth at 
the scraping edge, while others are neatly notched to give them 
additional grip. Boyle, p. 74 

These are cut like a gouge or chisel, and the ornamented awls are 
like those of New York. So are the combs, beads, pendants and 
grooved implements. Carving of human figures and faces was 
recent ; and Boyle says nothing of bone whistles there. Horn was 



330 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



less used than bone, and some Canadian articles of this material have 
not been reported in New York. In his report for 1899 he speaks 
of a considerable number of phalangeal bones from old village and 
camp sites, adding that " the most commonly accepted theory is that 
the bones were in some way used as whistles, but nobody has ever 
been able to produce a sound from them." Most of his examples 
were found but a few miles from Toronto, and resemble some Hew 
York specimens. Stewart Culin is inclined to think they were used 
in games, and in this theory the Eskimo comes up again. Skull 
perforation in Canada was after death. The perforated horn arti- 
cles which Mr Boyle supposed were used for straightening arrows 
have not been reported in New York. It may be that the artificially 
grooved boulders took their place. 



HORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 331 

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 

Page numbers refer to descriptions in bulletin 

fig. Plate I PAGE 

1 Thick bone awl from Atwell fort, west of Cazenovia. . . 256 

2 Notched bone awl from Atwell fort 256 

3 Broad bone awl from Nichols pond, Madison co 261 

-1 Bone awl with expanded base, from mouth of Chitte- 

nango creek 261 

5 Bone awl and knife from Brewerton , 267 

6 Curved bone awl from the Christopher site, Pompey. . . . 256 

7 Perforated bone awl from Rice's woods, near Stone 

Arabia 261 

8 Cylindric bone awl from Canajoharie 261 

9 Bone awl from Nichols pond... 261 

10 Double-pointed bone awl from Christopher site 256 

11 Flat awl with notched base from Christopher site 256 

12 Hollow horn arrowhead from Perch River bay, Jeffer- 

son co 291 

' 13 Bone chisel from Atwell fort ' 289 

Plate 2 

14 Hollow horn arrow or spearhead from Brewerton 291 

15 Bone awl with basal joint from Atwell fort 261 

16 Slender bone awl from Atwell fort. . 261 

17 Notched bone awl from Atwell foit. . ■ 262 

18 Notched bone awl from Chaumont bay, Jefferson co. '. . 262 

19 Awl mottled by fire, from Chaumont bay 262 

20 Long and slender awl from the Christopher site 262 

21 Broad bone awl from the Christopher site 262 

22 Bone awl showing joint from Brewerton 256 

23 Cylindric bone awl or tube from Atwell fort 256 

21 Flat and notched awl from the Christopher site 257 

25 Flat bone awl from the Atwell fort « 257 

26 Curved awl or knife from the Atwell fort , 267 

27 Small and cylindric awl from Brewerton 257 



332 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



fig. Plate 3 PAGE 

28 Hollow bone awl from Atwell fort 262 

29 Large and curved bone awl from Chaumont bay 262 

30 Flat knife and awl from St Lawrence site, Jefferson 

co. 262 

31 Large and grooved awl from Chaumont bay 263 

32 Double-pointed awl from Brewerton 26& 

33 Flat awl from Brewerton 263 

34 Rare and slender awl from Cayadutta fort, Fulton co. . . 263 

35 Bird ornament from Scipioville 272 

36 Bird ornament from Honeoye Falls 272 

37 Bone awl and knife from Christopher site 262 

38 Awl of jawbone retaining teeth, from Brewerton 263 

Plate 4 

39 Long and flat awl from Montgomery county 263 

40 Bare form of flat awl with notched base from Rice's 

woods 263 

41 Large awl with joint from Christopher site. 263- 

42 Broad bone knife from Christopher site 267 

43 Bone knife from Brewerton 267 

44 Awl of fish spine from Brewerton. . 260 

45 Awl with joint partly cut off, Christopher site ........ 257 

Plate 5 

46 Double-pointed and ornamented awl from Jefferson 

county 264 

47 Perforated and ornamented awl from Jefferson county. 264 

48 Awl with joint ground down, from Pompey 264 

49 Double-pointed flat awl from Chaumont bay 257 

50 Large awl with broad joint from Sheldon fort, Pompey. 264 

51 Large awl with broad joint from Atwell fort 264 

52 Deer horn prong from Sheldon fort 270 

53 Bone punch from Rice's woods, near Stone Arabia. . . . 270 

54 Awl with groove from Pompey , 264 

Plate 6 

55 Hollow bone awl from Brewerton 264 

56 Bone pin from Brewerton 282 



BORN AM) BONE IMPLEMENTS. 333 
FIG. PAGE 

57 Bone awl from Christopher site 264 

I >road bone knife from Christopher site 267 

59 Curved and pointed bone knife from Christopher site. . 264 

60 Grooved bone knife from Brewerton 26 T 

61 Carved bone knife from Cayadutta fort 267 

62 Double-pointed bone knife from Brewerton 268 

Plate 7 

63 Spatula, or paddle-shaped bone, from Jefferson county. . 282 

64 Spatula, or paddle-shaped bone, from Jefferson county. . 2S2 

65 Pointed bone knife from Christopher site 268 

66 Broad and carved knife from Chaumont bay , 268 

67 Bone awl and knife from Christopher site , 257 

68 Slender and ornamented awl or pin from Christopher 

site 264 

69 Bone awl from Chaumont bay 257 

70 Awl of sheldrake bill from Atwell fort . . 260 

71 Notched and curved awl from Sheldon fort 257 

72 Doubly perforated bone needle from Honeoye Falls. . . 313 

73 Grooved bone arrow from Kaneenda site, Onondaga lake 292 

74 Slender bone awl from Christopher site 258 

Plate 8 

75 Knife of young deer's antler from Onondaga valley. . . 268 

76 Slender and curved awl from Chaumont bay. 258 

77 Broken triangular bone arrow from McClure site, 

Hopewell 291 

78 Thick bone arrow from Oneida Valley 291 

79 Perforated and hollow bone implement from Otstungo, 

Minden 291 

80 Notched bone, perhaps double awl, from Buffalo 258 . 

81 Unperf orated needle from Perch river bay.. 258 

82 Double-pointed awl or pin from Jefferson county 258 

83 Bone punch from Brewerton 270 

84 Broken and carved bone knife from St Lawrence site. . . 268 

85 Perforated bone ornament from Buffalo 282, 306 

. 86 Perforated bone from Brewerton 290 



334 NEW YOKK STATE MUSEUM 

pig. Plate 9 page 

S7 Bone pin or punch from the Mohawk valley 270 

88 Grooved knife from Chaumont bay 268 

89 Unfinished bone implement from Brewerton 323 

90 Cylindric bone punch from Buffalo , 270 

91 Long bone punch from Pompey Center 270 

92 Long and notched bone from Rochester Junction 270 

93 Bone chisel from Brewerton 289 

94 Double-edged bone chisel from the Mohawk valley .... 289 

95 Cylindric bone bead from the Atwell fort. . 272 

96 Flat bone implement from Brewerton 270 

97 Broken bone pin from Richmond Mills, Ontario co. . . . 270 

Plate io 

98 Grooved horn implement from Rice's woods 323 

99 Broad bone punch from Rice's woods 270 

100 Cylindric and curved bone pestle from Garoga fort in 

Ephratah 270 

101 Slightly worked hooked bone from Atwell fort 310 

102 Cylindric bone whistle from Buffalo . , . , 317 

103 Cylindric bone punch from Lawrence fort, Pompey 

Center 271 

104 Triangular and perforated awl from Atwell fort 258 

105 Carved bone from the Christopher site 278 

106 Carved awl or pin from fort near Baldwinsville 278 

107 Small cylindric whistle from Pompey 317 

108 Perforated horn arrowhead from Brewerton 292 

109 Thick bone needle from Brewerton 313 

110 Perforated, unfinished bone from Buffalo 324 

111 Forked and grooved bone pendant from ■Munnsville .... 282 

112 Cylindric bone punch from Atwell fort 271 

Plate ii 

113 Flat and doubly perforated knife or awl from the 

Christopher site . 268 

114 Perforated flat knife or awl from Jefferson county 269 

115 Perforated flat knife from the Atwell fort 268 

116 Plain flat knife or awl from the Christopher site 265 

117 Broken and long bone needle from the Atwell fort .... 313 



1IOKX AND BONE [MPLEMENTS 335 
FIG. PAGE 

11S Broken bone needle from Brewerton 313 

119 Broken bone needle from the Christopher site 313 

120 Broken bone needle from the Sheldon fort 314 

121 Flat and broad awl or needle from Jefferson comity.. 258, 315 
L22 Broad and double-pointed awl from Christopher site. . . 259 
L23 Perfect bone needle from the St Lawrence site 314 

124 Slender and cylindric bead from Pompey 273 

125 Flat and perforated awl from Jefferson county 259 

126 Angular bone whistle from Christopher site 317 

127 Perforated and double-pointed awl or needle from the 

Lawrence fort 259 

Plate 12 

128 Cylindric and hollow awl from Christopher site 265 

129 Bird ornament from Pompey 272 

130 Horn pendant or charger from Fleming 282 

131 Cylindric bone charger from Pompey 271 

132 Elliptic bone bead from Pompey 273 

133 Bone adz from Brewerton... 324 

134 Bone spoon from Cayuga county 315 

135 Elliptic bone whistle from Bice's woods 317 

136 Cylindric bone bead from the Christopher site 273 

137 Cylindric and carved bone bead from Pompey 273 

138 Cylindric and curved bone bead from Brewerton. ..... 273 

Plate 13 

139 Short bone bead from Jamesville fort 273 

110 Curious bone ornament from Atwell fort 273 

111 Circular and perforated skull from Rutland, Jefferson 

CO. . ; . . 280 

112 Worked deer phalanx from Brewerton 316 

143 Bears tooth cut off midway, from Brewerton 277 

144 Perforated bone cut from joint, from Sheldon fort.. . . . 273 

145 Short cylindric bead from Buffalo 274 

146 Cylindric bead from Cayuga county 274 

147 Cylindric and curved bead from Chittenango creek .... 274 

148 Perforated piece of skull from Pompey 280 

149 Perforated bone pendant from Hemlock Lake N. Y . . . 280 



336 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 

FIG. Plate 14 PAGE 

150 Carved bone handle with human heads, from Sacket 

Harbor 278 

151 Carved handle from Nichols pond 279 

152 Small bone h^ad from James ville fort 283 

153 Horn charger from Union Springs 279 . 

154 Carved horn handle from Garoga fort 279, 288 

155 Carved handle from Otstungo fort 279 

156 Bone head from Otstungo fort '. . 283 

157 Carved bone handle from fort west of Baldwinsville. . . 279 

Plate 15 

158 Cylindric bone bead from Nichols pond , . 274 

159 Deer's antler pipe from Onondaga county. Reduced. . . 289 

160 Grooved implement of bone from Brewerton 324 

161 Bone ball from West Bloomfield 324 

162 Perforated human tooth from Munnsville . . . . . . 275 

163 Modern circular gaming bone from Buffalo 319 

164 Modern gaming bone from Buffalo , 320 

165 Cylindric and carved bead from Bice's woods 274 

166 Circular gaming bone from Buffalo 320 

167 Bone crescent from Cayuga county 274 

168 Prehistoric circular gaming bone from Atwell fort. .... 320 

Plate 16 

169 Bone image from Honeoye Falls 283 

170 Bone image from the Mohawk valley 283 

171 Bone image from West Bloomfield 284 

172 Bone image from West Bloomfield 284 

173 Bone image from West Bloomfield ' 284 

174 Short and cylindric bead from Perch river bay. . 273 

175 Bone head from West Bloomfield 283 

176 Large bone image from Willow point 284 

177 Bone face from Cayadutta fort 283 

178 Polished beaver tooth from Brewerton 276 

179 Notched woodchuck tooth from Christopher site 276 

Plate 17 

180 Bone comb with men, from Scipioville. 285 

181 Bone comb with man and bird, from Honeoye Falls.. . 285 



HoKN AM) IJOXK I M I'l.KM KN'I'S . 337 

FIG. PAGE 

1^ Bone comb with lizard, from Rice's woods... . 285 

183 Bone comb with birds, from Rochester Junction 2S6 

Plate 18 

1 84 Bone comb with linear figures, from McClure site, Hope- 

well 286 

185 Man, and man on horseback on comb, from Boughton 

hill, Victor 286 

186 Early perforated comb from Jefferson county 284 

187 Finely carved comb from Mohawk valley , 284 

188 Perforated tooth from Pompey 276 

Plate 19 

189 Bone comb with bear, from Honeoye Falls 286 

190 Perforated and notched comb from Mohawk valley 286 

191 Bone comb in early stages, from Mohawk valley 286 

192 Bone comb with turkeys, from Fleming 286 

193 Elk's tooth perforated, from Otstungo fort 276 

194 Elk's tooth perforated, from Brewerton 276 

Plate 20 

195 Perforated crown of tooth, from Jamesville fort 276 

196 Early bone comb from Pompey. 2$4 

197 Bone comb with partridges, from Fleming 286 

198 Early bone comb from Hemlock Lake 285 

199 Early bone comb from Atwell fort 285 

200 Early bone comb from Atwell fort 285 

Plate 21 

201 Bone gorget with three perforations, from East Bloom- 

field 280 

202 Perforated skull from Lawrence fort, Pompey Center. . 280 

203 Bone whistle from Christopher site 288, 316 

204 Bone whistle or pipe from Atwell fort 288, 316 

205 Ornamented bone whistle from Christopher site 316 

206 Perforated phalanx from the Atwell fort 316 

207 Notched phalanx from the Christopher site 316 

508 Large and polished bone tube from the same place 317 



338 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



fig. Plate 22 PAGE 

209 Bone fishhook from Sag Harbor 307 

210 Bone fishhook from Richmond Mills, Ontario co 307 

211 Barbed bone fishhook found near Watertown 309 

212 Barbed fishhook from Brewerton 309 

213 Small bone fishhook from -Buffalo 307 

214 Barbed bone fishhook from Atwell fort 308 

215 Barbed bone fishhook from Brewerton 309 

216 Barbed fishhook from Brewerton 309 

217 Bone fishhook from the Shelby fort, Orleans co 307 

218 Small and peculiar hook from Buffalo 308 

219 Small hook from Atwell fort = 30S 

220 Bone fishhook from Buffalo . . . . 308 

221 Bone fishhook from Christopher site. Barbed 309 

222 Barbed hook from St Lawrence site. 310 

'223 Small bone hook from Genesee county 308 

221 Broken hook from Brewerton , . . 308 

225 Barb of large bone hook from Baldwinsville 308 

226 Small hook with knob, from Buffalo 307 

227 Bone hook in early stages, from Brewerton 306 

228 Slender bone hook from West Bloomfield 308 

Plate 23 

229 Bone hook in early stages, from Buffalo . . 306 

230 Bone hook in early stages, from Buffalo. 306 

231 Bilateral harpoon from Seneca river at Jack Beef 300 

232 Double-pointed harpoon from Brewerton. Broken. . . . 300 

233 Bilateral harpoon from Brewerton. . 300 

234 Unilateral harpoon from Jack Reef . . 295 

235 Perfect and small double-pointed harpoon, St Lawrence 

site . . 300 

236 Broken bilateral harpoon from Brewerton 301 

2*37 Large bilateral harpoon from Lawrence fort, Pompey . . 301 

Plate 24 

238 Large unilateral harpoon from Otstungo fort 295 

239 Long unilateral harpoon from Seneca river, near Weeds- 

port 295 



BORN AND BONE IMPLEMENTS 389 
FIG. PAGE 

240 Long bilateral harpoon from Brewerton 298, 301 

241 Rare form of bilateral harpoon from Chanmont bay. . .301, 303 

242 Large unilateral harpoon from Fabius 295 

Plate 25 

241* Bone harpoon or knife from Brewerton 295 

244 Rare unilateral harpoon from Rowland island, Seneca 

river 295 

245 Unilateral harpoon from Honeoye Falls 297 

246 Bilateral harpoon with long shank, from Brewerton 301 

247 Unilateral harpoon with pointed base, from Atwell fort. 297 

248 Eare form of bilateral harpoon from Brewerton . 301 

249 Unique unilateral harpoon from Garoga fort 297 

Plate 26 

250 Rare form of curved unilateral harpoon from Cayuga 

county 297 

251 Long bilateral harpoon from Brewerton 301 

252 Long bilateral harpoon from Brewerton 301 

253 Unique bilateral harpoon from Honeoye Falls 301 

254 Unilateral harpoon from Clifton Springs. Early form. 297 

255 Small and odd bilateral harpoon from Christopher site. . 301 

256 Small bilateral harpoon or arrowhead from Pompey. . . 302 

257 Fine bilateral harpoon from Brewerton 302 

258 Bilateral harpoon from Perch river bay 302 

Plate 27 

259 Unique unilateral harpoon from Brewerton 298 

260 Broad bilateral harpoon from Brewerton 302 

261 Double-pointed bone awl found near Weedsport 259 

262 Delicate bilateral harpoon from Cayuga lake 302 

263 Double-pointed harpoon from Brewerton 30.0 

264 Bilateral harpoon from Brewerton 302 

265 Harpoon or awl from Brewerton 302 

266 Bilateral harpoon from Jack Reef 300 

Plate 28 

267 Gouge of walrus tusk from Brewerton 290 

268 Small unilateral harpoon from Chittenango creek 298 



34:0 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



FIG. PAGE 

269 Unique perforated bilateral harpoon from Christopher 

site : . ... 304 

270 Bilateral harpoon from the same place 303 

271 Cylindric awl with pointed base, from Atwell fort. ... 259 

272 Elk's tooth perforated, from Jamesville fort ' 276 

273 Elk's tooth perforated, from Atwell fort 276 

274 Elk's tooth perforated, from fort west of Baldwinsville. 276 

275 Cylindric awl with almost pointed base, from Atwell 

fort ' 259 

276 Unique bird ornament from England's woods, northeast 

of Stone Arabia 274 

277 Bilateral harpoon from Brewerton . 302 

278 Slender bone pin from Fort Niagara 282 

Plate 29 

279 Bone needle or slender awl, from Christopher site ... . 314 

280 Perfect bone needle from the same place 314 

281 Perfect bone needle from the same site 314 

282 Grooved broad awl or pointed knife from Atwell fort. . 269 

283 Bear's tooth grooved, from Lawrence fort 277 

284 Fine unfinished needle from Atwell fort 314 

285 Horn paint cup from Christopher site 324 

286 Bear's tooth perforated, from Lawrence fort. 277 

287 Bear's tooth cut off, from Christopher site 277 

288 Bear's tooth grooved, from Rice's woods 277 

Plate 30 

289 Bear's tooth notched at the point, from Brewerton 277 

290 Bear's tooth cut off midway, from Brewerton 277 

291 Bear's tooth cut off midway, from fort west of 

Baldwinsville 277 

292 Perforated tooth from Geneva 276 

293 Perforated tooth from Munnsville 276 

294 Perforated tooth from Atwell fort 276 

295 Awl, retaining joint, from Christopher site 264 

296 Perforated and ground tooth from Brewerton 276 

297 Cylindric bone punch from Rochester Junction 271 

298 Cylindric bone punch from the same place , . , , , 271 



HORN AMI BONE IMPLEMENTS 341 

PK5. PAGE 

299 Curious boue band from Atwell fort 324 

3u0 Bone oriianient like a shell, from Buffalo 274 

301 l T n perforated bone cylinder from Rochester Junetion . . 271 

302 Curved and notched awl or pin from Point Peninsula. . 259 

303 Piece of perforated skull from Atwell fort 280 

304 Chipped and perforated bone arrow from the same site . 292 . 

Plate 31 

305 First stage in making bone knife, from Chaumont bay . 269 
306 ' Second stage in making knife, from same site 269 

307 Third stage in making knife, from same site 269 

308 Sharp-barbed bilateral harpoon from St Lawrence site . . 303 

309 Unfinished bone needle from Christopher site 314 

Plate 32 

310 Carved moose horn ornament from St Lawrence site . . . 279 

311 Hollow horn arrowhead from Jefferson county 292 

312 Flat bone awl from Jefferson county 265 

313 Massive bone hook from Michigan 307 

314 Chipped and indented horn arrowhead from Jefferson 

county «'.\ 292 

315 Flat awl with chisel base, from the same 259 

316 Bear's tooth perforated, worked all over, from the same 277 

Plate 33 

317 Bird bone worked, from Jefferson county 259 

318 Polished bone arrowhead from the St Lawrence site . . . 292 

319 Broad knife made from a joint, from Onondaga outlet. 269 

320 Ridged bilateral harpoon from St Lawrence site , . 303 

321 Double-pointed harpoon from Brewerton 300 

322 Horn adz, from Rice's woods (reduced) 325 

323 Polished and hollow horn arrowhead from Clifton 

Springs. . 292 

324 Broken bone needle from Brewerton 314 

Plate 34 

325 Large bone awl or pick from Christopher site 264 

326 Long bone whistle from Jack Reef, Seneca river 317 



342 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 

fig. • Plate 35 page 

327 Long bone whistle from the same grave 317 

328 Long and carved bone whistle found near Watertown. . 317 

329 Large perforated and unilateral harpoon from Rice's 

woods 298 

330 Cylindric bone punch from the same site 271 

Plate 36 

331 Long bone cut open for paint box, from Cayuga county. 325 

332 Bone mortar from Garoga fort , 325 

333 Piece of perforated skull from the St Lawrence site. . . . 281 

Plate 37 

334 Fine bone awl from the same place 2G5 

335 Flat and curved awl from Canajoharie 265 

336 Grooved bone from Brewerton 281 

Plate 38 

337 Very large bone comb with wolves rampant, from 

Honeoye Falls , 286 

338 Horn implement with terminal grooves, from Sheldon 

fort . 323 

Plate 39 

339 Large bone awl from Chittenango creek 265 

340 Broken bone gouge from At well fort 290 

341 Curved and perforated horn implement from Brewerton. 271 

Plate 40 

342 Pick made of walrus tusk, from Brewerton 325 

343 Shuttle or unfinished hook from Lawrence fort, 

Pompey 306 

344 Long horn spoon from Brewerton 316 

Plate 41 

345 Indented horn arrowhead from Rice's woods , 292 

346 Deer's antler cut down and perforated, from Jack Reef. 271 

347 Flat bone ornament found northwest of Fort Plain 274 

348 A larger ornament found with the last 274 



HORN AND BONE EMPLEMENTS 343 

pig. Plate 42 page 

340 Bone tool with two cutting prongs. This and the four 

following are from the Christopher site 325 

350 A curious bilateral and thin harpoon 304 

351 Fine and white bone needle 315 

352 Much worn unilateral harpoon 304 

353 Double-edged implement with parallel sides and two 

perforations 320 

Plate 43 

354 Unilateral harpoon from Cayuga county. It has basal 

protuberances 298 

355 Flat, bilateral harpoon from Brewerton. Barbs on one 

edge unsharpened 304 

356 Bird's head ornament of white bone. This and the fol- 

lowing from the Christopher site 274 

357 Rounded joint cut off and perforated for pendant 273 

358 Similar to the last 273 

359 Like the last 273 

360 Thin and concave cap of joint perforated for ornament. 273 

361 Rough side of concave cap of joint perforated for 

ornament . . 273 



Plate 1 




Plate 2 




Plate 3 




Plate 4 




Plate 5 




Plate 6 




Plate 7 




Plate 8 




Plate 9 




94 



Plate 10 




Plate 11 




Plate 12 




Plate 13 




Plate 14 




Plate 15 




Plate 17 




Plate 18 




187 



Plate 19 




Plate 20 





Plate 21 




204 



Plate 22 




Plate 23 




Plate 24 




Plate 25 




Plate 26 




Plate 27 




264 



Plate 28 




Plate 29 




Plate 31 




Plate 32 




Plate 34 




Plate 36 




Plate 37 




Plate 38 




Plate 39 




Plate 40 




Plate 41 




Plate 43 




INDEX 



The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 278* 
means page 278, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one 
third of the way down. 



Abbott, Dr C. C, referred to, 307 3 . 
Adams, W. W., articles found by, 285 8 , 
298 5 . 

Amidon, Dr R. W., articles found by, 
259 7 , 262 9 , 265*, 266 9 , 268 7 , 269 2 , 280 1 , 
281 2 , 300 2 , 303 2 , 314- . 

Amidon collection, 292 4 , 292 8 . 

Andagoron, 244 1 . 

Arrow fiakers, 249 7 . 

Arrowheads, 250 5 , 252 s , 254 6 , 290 5 -93'. 

Ashes, articles preserved by, 251 8 . 

Atwell site, awls from, 256 3 , 256 9 , 257 3 , 
258 9 , 259 5 , 260 5 , 261 9 , 262 7 , 264 3 , 266 6 ; 
beads, 272 9 , 273 5 ; bears teeth, 278 1 ; 
bone arrows, 292 3 ; bone band, 324 8 ; 
bone combs, 285 3 , 285 5 ; bone gouge, 
290 1 ; bone whistle or pipe, 288 7 ; 
chisel, 289 8 ; elk's tooth, 276 7 ; fish- 
hooks, 308 3 , 308 9 , 310 6 ; gaming bone, 
320 2 ; harpoons, 297 7 , 298 5 ; knives, 
267 4 , 268 9 , 269 2 ; needles, 313 8 , 314 6 ; 
deer phalanx, 31 6 9 ; piece of perfo- 
rated skull, 281 2 ; punches, 271 2 , 272 2 . 

Authorities, list, 246-47. 

Avon, harpoon from, 299 5 . 
-Awls, 250 9 , 251\ 253 7 , 254 1 , 254 3 , 254 5 -69 7 . 

Axes, 249 9 . 

Baldwinsville, bears teeth from fort 
near, 277 9 ; carved awl or pin, 278 9 ; 
carved bone handle, 279 9 ; fishhook, 
308 6 ; perforated deer's tooth, 278 3 ; 
perforated teeth, 276 8 . 

Bay of Quinte, beads from, 273 6 . 

Beads, 249 9 , 272 7 -74 7 . 

Bears teeth, 276 9 -78 5 . 

Beauchamp, W. M., articles found by, 
256 3 , 258 5 , 266 s , 272 9 , 278 9 , 305 6 , 308 6 , 
326 6 . 



Beaver's teeth, 276 4 . 

Benedict, Dr A. L., bone combs found 
by, 286 4 ; fishhook belonging to, 307 5 ; 
bone whistle belonging to, 317 2 . 

Bigelow collection, 257 7 , 259 4 , 261 9 , 264 4 , 
264 7 , 264 8 , 267 5 , 267 7 , 268 4 , 268 8 , 271 -, 
272 2 , 273 5 , 273 7 , 276 3 , 276 6 , 276 8 , 277 9 , 
278 3 , 283 6 , 295 2 , 295 4 , 295 s , 297 7 , 300 9 , 
303 1 , 304 2 , 304 7 , 313 9 , 3 1 4 4 , 314 8 , 315 4 , 
316 8 , 317 ] , 317 3 , 317 5 , 325 9 . 

Blunt implements, 269 8 -72 6 . 

Bone, uses in England, 249 9 ; abund- 
ance on early Iroquois sites, 252 6 ; 
ornamental forms, 2785-83 1 . 

Bone combs, 284 5 -88 2 . 

Bone counters for games, 317 9 -21 2 . 

Bone images, 283 1 -84 5 . 

Bone spool, 327 1 . 

Bones, how regarded by Canadian 
Indians, 252 1 . 

Boughton hill, bone comb from, 286 4 . 

Bourke, Capt. JohnG., cited, 275 7 . 

Boyle, David, cited, 289 6 , 324 3 , 3^8 3 -30 2 . 

Brewerton, arrowhead from, 291 7 , 292 2 ; 
awls, 257 4 , 260 3 , 263 6 , 264 s , 266 6 ; bears 
teeth, 277 6 , 277 8 ; blunt implements, 
270 7 ; bone adz, 324 4 ; bone imple- 
ments, 272 4 ; bone pin, 282 s , deer pha- 
lanx, 316 6 ; elk's tooth, 276 6 ; fish spine, 
260 5 ; fishhooks, 306 5 , 308 5 , 309 7 ; gouge, 
290 3 ; grooved implement of bone, 
324 6 ; harpoons, 295 8 , 298 1 , 298 s , 300\ 
300 s , 301 3 , 301 6 . 302 2 , 303 4 , 304 4 , 304 7 ; 
hollow bone, 327 3 ; horn implements, 
271 t; ; human bones, 281 8 ; knives, 263 3 , 
267 3 , 267 7 , 268 1 , 268 3 ; needles, 318 9 , 
315 3 ; perforated bone, 290 3 ; polished 
beaver tooth, 276 4 , 276 5 ; spoons, 
316 2 ; stone pipes, 244 7 ; unfinished 



346 



NEW YORK STATE M I SI' I'M. 



bone implement, 323 3 ; walrus tusks, 
327 9 . 

Brewerton cemetery, articles from, 281 fi . 

Buffalo, beads from, 274 3 ; bone orna- 
ment, 282 3 ; fishhook, 307 5 ; gaming 
bone, 320 1 . 

Buffalo collection, 258 3 , 266 s , 270 5 , 274 6 , 
276°, 306 5 , 308 1 , 320 1 . 324 3 , 324 9 , 
327 3 . 

Buffalo's tooth, 327 9 . 

Burr collection, 258 9 , 264 4 , 273 5 , 276 7 , 

285 3 , 292 3 , 308 3 , 324 8 . , 
Buttons, 249 9 . 

Calver, W. L., mentioned, 245 2 , 292 8 . 

Camp, Col. W. B., carved bone handle 
belonging to, 278 9 . 

Canada, awls from, 266 4 ; bone articles, 
251 2 , 328 5 -30 3 ; needles, 312 9 . See also 
Hochelaga. 

Canajoharie, awls from, 261 7 , 265 6 . 

Canajoharie of Johnson's day, 243 9 . 

Cayadutta fort site, awls from, 263 5 , 
266 1 ; bone face, 283 3 ; knives, 268 1 ; 
needles, 313 3 . 

Cayuga county, beads from, 274 3 ; har- 
poons, 297 8 ; human skull, 281 1 ; long- 
bone, 32o 4 ; spoons, 315 9 . See also 
Fleming; Scipioville: Venice. 

Cayuga lake, harpoon from, 302 6 . 

Cazenovia, see Atwell site. 

Celts, 244 5 , 252 9 , 253 7 . 

Chapin, G. W., awls found by, 263 7 . 

Charlevoix, P. F. X. de, quoted, 318 4 . 

Chaumont bay, awls from, 257 6 , 257 8 , 
258 2 , 259 7 , 262 2 , 265 3 ; bears teeth, 
277 3 ; harpoons, 301 4 ; knives, 263 2 ; 
pottery, 244 8 . 

Chautauqua county, stone ball, 244 3 . 

Chisels, 249 9 , 289 8 -90 5 . 

Chittenango creek, awls from, 261 5 , 
265 7 ; beads, 274 4 ; harpoons, 298 3 . 

Christopher site, Pompey, awls from, 
256 5 , 257\ 257 5 , 257 6 , 258 2 , 259 4 , 262 5 , 
264 2 , 264 4 , 264 9 , 266 7 ; bear's teeth, 
277 5 ; bone tool, 325 9 ; bone whistle, 
288 7 , 31 6 8 , 31 7 3 ; carved bone, 278 7 ; 
celts, 244 5 ; harpoons, 301 9 , 303 1 , 304 2 , 
304 7 ; knives, 263 1 , 267 5 , 267 7 , 268 4 , 



268 s , 269 6 ; needles, 314 1 , 3 1 4 4 , 314 8 , 
315 4 ; notched phalanx, 317 1 ; orna- 
ments, 273 7 ; paint cup, 324 8 ; wood- 
chuck's tooth, 276 5 . 

Clark, Gen., mentioned, 244 1 . 

Clifton Springs, arrowheads from, 292 5 , 
292 8 ; harpoons, 297 9 . 

Coats collection, 280 8 , 292 5 , 292 8 , 297 9 . 

Cold Spring, bone arrowhead from, 
292 s . 

Combs, 284 5 -88 2 . 

Converse, Mrs H. M., wampum belt, 
245 7 ; bone pipe procured by, 288 8 . 

Copway, George, cited, 320 6 . 

Counters for games, 317 9 -21 2 . 

Crouse, Charles, bone knife belonging 
to, 268 4 . 

Culin, Stewart, cited, 330 3 . 

dishing, F. H., articles found by, 299 2 , 
307 7 . 

Dablon, Father, quoted, 296 8 . 
Daggers, 254 5 , 264 1 . 

Dann collection, 278 3 , 283 9 , 285 9 , 286 6 , 

287 7 , 301 8 , 313 6 . 
Dawkins, W. Boyd, cited, 299 7 . 
Dawson, Sir J. W., bone arrowhead 

figured by, 292 9 . 
De Kay, James E., cited, 251 4 . 
De Yries, D. V., cited, 2751 
Dinah, Aunt, iron awl, 259 9 . 
Douglass, A. E., table of Indian relics 

in cabinet, 328 2 . 
Drumflsh, palate of, 327 9 . 

Earthenware, 244 7 . 
East Aurora, carved head from, 284 4 . 
East Bloomfield, bone gorget from, 
280 8 . 

East Cayuga, harpoons from, 298 5 . 
Elks teeth, 276 5 . 

England's woods, awls found in, 266 1 ; 

bird ornament, 274 6 . 
Ephratah fort, see Garoga fort. 
Erie county, see East Aurora. 
Eskimo influences affecting work of 

Indians, 328 6 , 330 3 . 
Evans, John, cited. 249 7 . 
Explanation of plates, 331-43. 



INDEX TO HORN AM 



) BONE [MPLEMENT! 



34? 



Fabius, harpo >ns from, 295 6 . 
Farley's point, harpoon from, 302 6 . 
Fish weirs, 296 9 . 

Fishhooks, 250 7 , 254 4 , 270 s , 304 91 11 7 . 
Fitch, Luke, articles found by, 207*, 

201", 2154-, 27 P; perforated tooth 

owned by, 27G :! . 
Fleming, horn pendant from, 282"; bone 

combs, 286 9 . 
flint implements, 253 7 . 
Fort Hill, needles from, 313 4 . 
Fort Niagara, bone pin from, 282 9 . 
Fort Plain, recent site, 243 9 ; ornaments 

from, 274 s . See also Otstungo site. 
Frey, S. L., corrects an error of names, 

243 9 ; mentioned, 244 1 ; articles found 

by, 270 9 , 290 5 ; drawings furnished 

by, 284 9 . 

Frey collection, 279 3 , 279 4 , 283 5 , 297 8 , 
298 6 . 

Fulton county, see Cayadutta fort site; 
Garoga fort. 

Games, counters for, 317 9 -21 2 . 

Garoga fort, bone mortar from, 325 5 ; 
bone pestle, 270 9 ; carved horn handle, 
2T9 4 ; notched phalanx, 317 1 ; harpoons, 
297 8 , 298 6 . 

Genesee county, bone combs from, 285 6 ; 

rishhook, 308 3 ; stone ball, 244 3 . 
Genesee valley, carved Chinese head 

from, 284 4 . 
Geneva, perforated tooth from, 276 9 . 
Getman, Dr A. A., articles found by, 

257 6 , 263 2 , 291*, 292 4 , 301 3 , 302 4 , 310 2 . 
Getman collection, 257 7 , 258 7 , 262 7 , 281* 
Gouges, 254 3 , 289 8 -90 5 . 
Grider, R. A., drawings of bone images, 

284 1 . 

Hale, Horatio, Four Huron wampum 

vecords,^ 245 4 . 
Hammers, 249 9 . 
Handles, 249°. 

Harpoons, 249 9 , 250 1 , 250 9 , 253 7 , 254 2 , 

254 3 , 293 1 -304 8 . 
Harrington, M. Raymond, explorations 
) near New York, 243 6 . 



Hemlock lake, perforated bone pendant 
from, 2S0 7 ; broken comb, 285'. 

Herkimer county, see Indian Castle. 

Higgeson, cited, 250'. 

Hildburgh collection, 272 fi , 278 4 , 283 8 , 
287-, 291 s , 298 9 , 308 4 , 324 7 . 

Hinsdale, Dr William G., articles found 
by, 256\ 257 4 , 257°, 260 :i , 264 2 , 264 :: , 
265 7 , 265 s , 267 3 , 267 7 , 268 : , 269 7 , 270 1 , 
270 7 , 272 4 , 272 5 , 273» ! , 274 3 , 276 4 , 277 5 , 
277 7 , 278 7 , 281 G , 281 s , 282 s , 290 : \ 291 7 , 
292 2 , 298 1 , 298 3 , 298 8 , 300\ 301 3 , 301 fi , 
301 9 , 302-', 302 9 , 303 4 , 306 5 , 308\ 309 8 , 
313 9 , 314 1 , 316 6 , 317 3 , 323 s , 324 5 , 324 6 ; 
harpoons, 293 8 -94 2 . 

Hochelaga, arrowhead from, 292 9 ; bone 
articles, 251 2 ; needles, 31 2 8 . 

Hoes, 249 9 . 

Honeoye Falls, bone combs from, 285 9 , 

287- ; bone image, 283 9 ; pendants, 

272 8 ; perforated teeth, 278 3 . 
Hopewell, arrowhead from, 291 7 ; bone 

combs, 286 2 . 
Horn, uses in England, 249 9 . 
Horns of deer, 251 5 , 253 s . 
Horton, J. H., referred to, 316*. 
Human skulls, ornaments made from, 

280 6 . 

Human teeth, 275 9 . 

Images, 283 1 -84\ 
Indian Castle, 243 9 . 

Iroquois, liking for bone and horn, 
252 5 , 253 3 . 

Jack Reef, bone whistle from, 317 7 ; 
harpoons, 295 2 , 300 9 ; horn implements, 
272 2 . 

James, John B., description of awl, 

266 5 ; cited, 313 4 .- 
Jamesville fort, beads from, 273 4 ; 

bears teeth, 278 2 ; bone head, 283 6 ; 

elk's tooth, 276 6 ; perforated crown of 

tooth, 276-'. 
Jefferson county, articles from, 252 s ' 

awls, 258% 259 1 , 264 5 , 266 9 ; bears 

teeth, 278 1 ; bone articles, 282 4 ; bone 

combs, 284 8 ; carved bone articles, 



348 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



282 1 ; fishhooks, 305 7 ; flint arrowhead, 
252 8 ; harpoons, 303 2 , 303 ,! ; knives, 
268 7 , 269-, 269 4 ; ornamented articles, 
268 5 ; perforated skull, 281 2 ; pottery, 
244 7 , 245 4 . See also Chaumont bay; 
Mannsville; Perch river; Point Pe- 
ninsula; Rutland; Sacketts Harbor; 
St Lawrence site; Storrs Harbor. 

Jewett, Col. E.i gift to national mu- 
seum, 303 7 . 

Jogues, Father, cited, 275 5 . 

Jones, C. C, cited, 254 3 . 

Josselyn, John, cited, 291 8 . 

Kalm, Peter, cited, 31 1 6 . 

Kaneenda site, awls from, 260 3 ; bone 

arrow, 292 7 . 
Keller, Dr Ferdinand, cited, 254 2 , 310 7 . 
Kellogg, Dr D. S., cited, 253 6 , 294 7 . 
Knives, 254 1 -, 261 3 -69 7 . 

Lawrence fort, Pompey Center, awls 
from, 259 2 ; bone combs, 285 4 ; har- 
poons, 30f 2 ; perforated skull, 280 9 ; 
punches, 270 5 , 271 1 ; shuttle or unfin- 
ished hook, 306 7 . 

Ledyard collection, 260 5 , 262 7 , 289 s , 308 8 . 

Le Jeune, cited, 296 7 . 

Leroy, needles from, 313 4 . 

Lewis, T. H., mentioned, 254 3 . 

Lima, bears teeth from, 278 4 . 

Livingston county, harpoon from, 299 5 . 
See also Hemlock lake; Lima. 

Long Island, bones of deer, 266 4 . See 
also Port Washington; Sag Harbor. 

Loskiel, G. H., cited, 250 8 . 

McClure site, arrowhead from, 291 7 ; 

bone combs, 286' 2 „ 
Mackenzie, Alexander, cited, 31 1 3 . 
Madison county, awls from, 260' 2 . See 

also Atwell site, Munnsviile; Nichols 

pond site; Oneida Valley. 
Madisonville site, Ohio, fishhooks from, 

305 2 , 310 9 ; harpoons, 294 4 ; needles, 

312 9 . 

Manitoba, awls from, 266 4 . 
Mannsville, awls from, 260 1 . 



Marcy, bone implement from, 326 7 . 

Marshall, stone ball from, 244 5 . 

Masks, 251 1 , 283 1 -84 5 . 

Michigan, fishhook from, 307 2 . 

Mills, C. L., acknowledgments to, 306 2 . 

Minden fort, see Otstungo fort. 

Mohawk valley, bone chisel from, 289 9 ; 
bone image, 284 1 . 

Monroe county, see Honeoye Falls. 

Montgomery county, see Canajoharie; 
England's woods; Fort Plain; Pala- 
tine Bridge; Rice's woods; Wagner 
hollow. 

Montreal, see Hochelaga. 

Morgan, L. H., cited, 260 7 , 31 2 4 , 321 4 . 

Morse, S. W., bone image belonging to, 

. 284 2 . 

Moseley, C. F., articles found by, 270 6 ; 
pendants belonging to, 272 8 ; bone 
combs belonging to, 286 1 . 

Munnsviile, awls from, 260 1 ; bone pend- 
ants, 282 2 ; perforated tooth, 276 4 ; 
perforated human tooth, 276 1 ; per* 
forated elk's tooth, 278 3 . 

Murdoch, John, cited, 279 7 . 

Needles, 249 8 , 253 7 , 253 9 , 254 2 , 311 8 -15 5 . 
New York city, awls from, 266 5 . 
Nichols pond site, awls from, 261 4 , 261 7 , 

265 8 ; beads, 274 4 ; carved handle, 279 1 ; 

chisel, 289 s . 
Nilsson, Prof. Sven, quoted, 295 9 -96 2 . 

Ogilby, John, cited, 311 5 . 

Oneida county, see Marshall. 

Oneida Valley, arrowhead from, 291 s ; 
bears teeth, 278 5 . 

Onondaga county, bone articles from, 
252 9 . See also Baldwins ville; Brewer- 
ton; Fabius; Pompey. 

Onondaga fort, bone comb from, 284 9 . 

Onondaga fort of 1696, see Ja-mesville 
fort. 

Onondaga historical association, collec- 
tion, 327 1 . 
Onondaga lake, harpoons from, 303 5 . 
Onondaga outlet, knives from, 269 7 . 
Onondaga valley, knife from, 268 5 = 



I MUX TO HORN A M) BONE [MPLEMENTS 



349 



Ontario county, harpoon from, 303 7 . 
See also Clifton Springs; East Bloom- 
field; Hopewell; Richmond Mills; 
Victor; West Bloointielri. 

Orleans county, fishhook from, 307 7 . 

Ornamental forms of bone, IWSMia 1 . 

Otstungo fort, arrowhead from, 292 1 ; 
awls, 265 8 ; bone head, 283 5 ; carved 
handle, 279 :! ; elk's tooth, 276 6 ; har- 
poons, 298 7 ; horn cut from antler, 
326 5 . 

Ottawa belts, 245 6 . 

Palatine Bridge, bone gouge from, 
290 5 . 

Pendants, 272 7 -74 7 . 

Perch river, arrowhead from, 291 6 ; awls, 

258 5 , 266 8 ; beads, 273 4 . 
Perch River bay, harpoons from, 302 4 . 
Perch river mounds, 243 7 . 
Perforated and grooved teeth, 274 8 -78 5 . 
Perkins, George H., cited, 250 9 , 251 1 ; 

bone mask belonging to, 284 4 . 
Phalanges, 316 2 -17 9 ; use, 321 1 . 
Pickaxes, 249 9 . ' 

Pierce, Mrs, gift to Onondaga histori- 
cal association, 327 1 . 
Pins, 249 8 , 255 2 . 
Pipes, 288 3 -89 7 . 

Plates, explanation of, 331-43. 

Plato, Dr, articles found by, 271 7 . 

Point Peninsula, awls from, 259 7 . 

Polished stone articles, 244 3 . 

Pomeroy, Oren, articles found by, 258 2 , 
262 2 , 265 4 , 277 3 , 282 5 , 303 5 . 

Pompey, antler prongs from, 272 6 ; 
awls, 264 7 ; beads, 273 1 , 273 7 ; bears 
teeth, 278 1 ; bird ornament, 272 8 ; bone 
comb, 284 9 ; cylindric bone charger, 
271 3 ; harpoon, 302 2 ; perforated piece 
of skull, 280 7 ; perforated tooth, 276 3 . 
See also Christopher site, Sheldon site. 

Pompey Center, see Lawrence fort. 

Port "Washington, human and canine 
remains, 243 2 , pottery, 245 3 . 

Pottery, 244 8 , 253 7 . 

Pride, H. A., collection, 32G 7 . 

Pulaski, camp sites near, 243 6 . 



Punches, 254 8 , 255 1 , 269 8 -72 6 . 
Putnam county, see Cold Spring. 

Rattles, 321 2 -22 s . 

Rau, Dr Charles, cited, 293 :! , 295 9 -96 2 , 
297 4 , 298 9 -99 8 , 303 7 , 304 9 -53, 307\ 309 2 , 
312 8 ; referred to, 300 fl , 307 3 , 307 7 , 308 7 , 
308 9 . 

Rice's woods, awls from, 261 6 ; beads, 
274 4 ; bears teeth, 277 5 , 278 2 ; bone 
combs, 285 9 , 287 6 ; bone punch, 270 9 ; 
bone whistle, 317 4 ; grooved horn 
implement, 323 4 ; harpoons, 298 4 ; horn 
adz, 325 2 ; horn arrow, 292 6 ; knives, 
263 9 ; punches, 270 3 , 271 fi . 

Richmond, A. G., quoted, 293 s . 

Richmond collection, 260\ 261 7 , 263 5 , 
265 7 , 265 s , 265 9 , 270 4 , 270 8 , 274 4 , 274 5 , 
276 6 , 283 4 , 284 1 , 285 4 , 286 6 , 287 6 , 289 9 , 
295 3 , 298 6 , 302 6 , 307 5 , 323 5 , 325 2 , 32o 5 , 
326 5 . 

Richmond Mills, fishhooks from, 307 5 . 
Rochester Junction, beads from, 271 4 ; 

bone comb, 286 1 ; bone implements, 

270 6 . 

Rutland, perforated skull from, 280 6 ; 
articles from, 281 4 . 

Sacketts Harbor, carved bone handle 
from, 278 9 . 

Sag Harbor, bone needles from near, 
312 7 ; fishhook, 307 3 . 

Sagard, T. G. le, cited, 311 2 . 

St Lawrence site, arrowhead from, 
292 5 ; carved moose horn ornament, 
280 1 ; fishhooks, 310 2 ; harpoons, 300 2 , 
303 6 ; knives, 262 9 , 268 4 , 268 6 ; needles, 
314 2 . 

Salmon river, camp sites, 243 6 . 
Schliemann, Henry, cited, 253 9 . 
Schoolcraft, H. R., cited, 305 5 . 
Scipioville, pendants from, 272 7 ; bone 

combs, 285 7 . 
Scrapers, 325 7 . 

Seneca river, awls from, 259 4 ; bone 
whistle, 317 7 ; fishhooks, 308 7 ; har- 
poons, 295 2 , 295 3 , 295 s , 300 9 ; knives, 
269 5 ; perforated teeth, 27G h . 



350 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



Shelby fort, fishhook from, 307 7 . 

Sheldon site, awls from, 257 9 , 260 3 , 264 3 , 
265 9 ; deer horn prong, 270 1 ; horn im- 
plement, 323 8 ; needles, 314 2 ; perfo- 
rated_bone,273 7 . 

Slocum, George, knife found by, 268 5 . 

Smith, Capt. John, cited, 250 7 , 290 9 -91 2 . 

Smithsonian institution, bone and horn 
implements from, 250 2 . 

Southall, James C, cited, 250 1 . 

Spanish hill, 243 8 . 

Spear point, 250 9 . 

Spoons, 315 5 -16 2 . 

Spuyten Duyvil creek, horn arrow 

from, 292 9 . 
Squier, E. G , cited, 299 5 . 
State museum collection, 257 4 , 3Q8 3 , 

308 9 , 309 7 , 31 3 4 . 
Staten Island, bone arrowheads from, 

292 8 . 

Stewart, Dr T. B., photograph fur- 
nished by, 280 7 ; comb belonging to. 
285 2 ; quoted, 293 s ; referred to, 303 9 . 

Stone Arabia, see England's woods; 
Rice's woods. 

Stone articles, 244 3 . 

Stone ball, 244 3 . 

Stone pipes, 244 6 . 

Storrs Harbor, bone articles from, 282 5 . 
Susquehanna river, shell heaps, 243 8 . 

Teeth, 253"'; perforated and grooved, 
274 8 -78 5 . 

Three River Point, knives from, 269 5 . 
Tomahawk, 261 \ 
Tompkins county, see Waterburg. 
Tooker, W. Wallace, articles found by 

266 4 , 307 3 ; cited, 312 7 . 
Toronto collection, 294 4 , 310 5 , 324 2 . 
Twining, J. S., referred to, 281 4 , 282 1 

317 9 . 

Twining collection, 264 6 , 280 6 , 282 4 
309 s , 309 7 . 

TJnio complanatus, 243 s . 



Union Springs, horn charger and other 
articles from, 279 6 . 

Vail collection, 271 2 , 272 3 , 277 2 , 277 4 , 

278 3 , 280 9 , 298 7 . 
Van Cortlandt park, awls from, 266 5 ; 

needles from, 313 4 . 
Van Epps, cited, 313 3 . 
Van Epps collection, 266 2 , 268 2 . 
Venice, crescent from, 274 5 . 
Verazzano, visit of 1524, 250 5 . 
Victor, bone comb from, 286 4 . 

Wagner hollow, bone comb from, 
287 4 ; copper saws, 326 7 ; part of ant- 
ler, 326 6 . 

Walrus tusks, 327 9 . 

Wampum, 245 4 . 

War clubs, 260 7 , 262 8 . 

Waterburg, bears teeth, 278 2 . 

Waterbury, A. H., collection of har- 
poons, 294 2 ; articles found by, 300 s , 
301 4 . 

Waterbury collection, 261 4 , 263 4 , 263 6 , 
264 8 , 270 3 , 272 4 , 273 § , 277 6 , 290 1 , 292 7 , 
298\ 300 5 , 301 1 , 301 4 , 302 5 , 302 7 , 303 3 , 
304 7 , 309 7 , 310 1 , 313 7 , 314 9 . 

Watertown, bone tube from, 317 8 : fish- 
hook, 309 6 . 

Weedsport, harpoons from, 295 5 . 

Wemple creek, awls from, 263 7 . 

West Bloomfield, bears teeth from, 
278 5 ; bone ball, 324 7 ; bone head, 283 8 ; 
bone images, 284 2 ; fishhook, 308 4 . 

Westchester county, explorations in, 
243 6 . 

Whistles, 316 2 -17 9 . 
Wolf's tooth, 276 8 . 
Wood, William, cited, 318 8 , 319 3 . 
Woodchucks teeth, 276 s . 
Woodworth collection, 282 2 , 282 4 , 285 4 , 
303 6 . 

Wyman, Mr, mentioned, 245 6 . 
Zeisberger, David, cited, 296 9 -97 4 . 



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MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS 

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49 Ruedemann, Rudolf ; Clarke, J: M. & Wood, Elvira. Paleontologic 
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Contents: Ruedemann, Rudolf. Trenton Couglomerate of Rysedorph Hill. 
Clarke, J: M. Limestones of central and western New York Interbedded with 

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Clarke, J: M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. In press. 
Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. /// press. 
Merrill, F: J. H. Directory of natural History Museums in United 
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Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineral Collections of the New York 
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Museum memoirs 1889-date. Q. 

1 Beecher, C: E. & Clarke, J: M. Development of some Silurian 
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2 Hall, James & Clarke, J: M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. il. 
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Natural history of New York. 30V. il. pi. maps. Q. Albany 1842-94. 

division 1 zoology. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York ; or, The New 
York Fauna, comprising detailed Descriptions of all the Animals hitherto ob- 
served within the State of New York with brief Notices of those occasionally 
found near its Borders, and accompanied by appropriate Illustrations. 5 v. il. 
pi. maps. sq. Q. Albany 1812-44. Out of print. 
Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W: H. Seward. 178p. 

v. 1 ptl Mammalia. 13+146p. 33pl. 1842. 
300 copies with hand-colored plates. 

v.2pt2 Birds. 12-f-380p. 141pl. 1844. 
Colored plates. 

v. 3pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+98p. pt4 Fishes. 15+415p. 1842. 

pt3-4 bound together. 

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia. 23pl. Fishes. 79pl. 1842. 
300 copies with hand-colored plates. 

v. 5 pt5 Mollusca. 4+271p. 40pl. pt6 Crustacea. 70p. 13pl. 1843-44. 

Hand-colored plates: pt5-6 bound together. 

division 2 botany. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; comprising 
full Descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized Plants hitherto dis- 
covered in the State, with Remarks on their economical and medical Proper- 
ties. 2v. il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 1843. Out of print. 

v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12-f-484p. 72pl. 1843. 
300 copies with hand-colored plates. 

v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843. 
300 copies with hand-colored plates. 

division 3 mineralogy. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York ; comprising 
detailed Descriptions of the Minerals hitherto found in the State of New York, 
and Notices of their Uses in the Arts and Agriculture, il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 
1842. Out of print. 

v. 1 ptl Economical Mineralogy. pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24-j-536p. 1842. 
8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text. 

division 4 geology. Mather, W: W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lardner 
& Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4v. il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 1842-43. 
Out of print. 

v. 1 ptl Mather, W: W. First geological District. 37-f-653p. 46pl. 1843. 
v. 2 pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second geological District. 10+437p. 17pl. 1842. 
v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third geological District. 306p. 1842. 
v. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth geological District. 22+683p. Map and 19pl. 
1843. 

division 5 agriculture. Emmous, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York; com- 
prising an Account of the Classification, Composition and Distribution of the 
Soils and Rocks aud the natural Waters of the different geological Formations, 
together with a condensed Vi^w of the Meteorology and agricultural Produc- 
tions of the State. 5v. il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 1846-54. Out of print. 

v. 1 Soils of the State, their Composition aud Distribution. ll+371p. 21pl. 
1846. 

v. 2 Analyses of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 1849. 
With hand-colored plates. 



University of the State of New York 



v. 3 Fruits, etc. 8+340p. 1851. 

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. 95pl, 1851. 
Hand-colored. 

v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+272p. 50pl. 1854. 

With hand-colored plates. 

division 6 paleontology. Hall, James. Paleontology of New York. 8v. il. 
pi. sq. Q. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth. 

v. 1 Organic Remains of the lower Division of the New York System. 23-f-338p. 
99pl. 1847. Out of print 

v, 2 Organic Remains of lower Middle Division of the New York System. 
8+362p. 104pl. 1852. Oat of print, 

v. 3 Organic Remains ol the lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany Sand- 
stone, ptl, text. 12-f532p. 1859. [Sj.jv?]. 

pt2, 143pl. 1861. $2.50. 

v. 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and Che- 
mung Groups. Il+l-f428p. 99pl. 1867. $2.30. 

v. 5 ptl Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the upper Helderberg, Hamilton 
and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50. 

Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the upper Helderberg, Hamilton, 

Portage and Chemnng Groups. 62-|-293p. 51pl. 1885. $2.30. 

pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the upper Helderberg, 

Hamilton, Portage and ChemutDg Groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text. 15-j-492p. 
v. 2, 120pl. $2.30 for 2 v. 

v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the lower and upper Helderberg and Hamilton 
Groups. 24+298p. 67pl. 1887. $230. 

v. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oriskany, upper Helderberg, Hamil- 
ton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill Groups. 64+236p. 46pl. 1888. Cont. 
supplement to v. 5, pt2. Pteropoda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 42p. 18pl. 
1888. $230. 

v. 8 ptl Introduction to the Study of the Genera of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 

16+367p. 44 pi. 1892. $2.30. 
pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+394p. 84pl. 1894. $2.30. 

Museum handbooks 1893-date. 71^x12^ cm. 

In quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid as 
below. 

H5 New York State Museum. i4p. il. 3c. 

Outlines history and work of the museum; with list of staff and scientific 
publications, 1893. 

H13 Paleontology. 8p. 2c. 

Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads : Definition; 
Relation' to biology ; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New 
York. 

H15 Guide to Excursions in the fossiliferous Rocks of New York. 
1 2 op. Sc. 

Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of paleozoic rocks, pre- 
pared specially for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint them- 
selves more intimately with the classic rocks of this state. 

Hl6 Entomology. 8p. Out of print. 

H17 Geology. In preparation. 

Maps. Merrill, F: J. H. Economic and geologic Map of the State 
of New York. 59x67 cm. 1894. Out of print. 

Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. , New edition in preparation. 

Printed also with Museum bulletin 15 and the 48th museum report, v. 1. 

Geologic Map of New York. 1901. $3. Mounted on rollers fy. 

Scale 5 miles to 1 inch. 





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